we are very happy to announce the release of phpBB 2.0.23, the "still furry as hell" edition. This release addresses several bugfixes and some security ...
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What means "still furry as hell"?
The actual expression, borrowed from a tragedy by W. Congreve, is, "hell hath no fury like a woman scorned." British humorists transformed it into "hell hath no furry," and then all kinds of "furry hell" derivatives.
Who said "hell hath no fury like a woman scorned"?
An Insensitive Man
Dear Insensitive:
While many attribute the quote to William Shakespeare, it actually comes from a play called the "The Mourning Bride" (1697) by William Congreve. The complete quote is "Heaven has no rage like love to hatred turned / Nor hell a fury like a woman scorned."
Congreve (1670-1729) was an accomplished practitioner of the wit and cynicism made famous by his contemporaries Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope. His last play, "The Way of the World," (1700) is considered a classic of Restoration comedy.
The late 17th and early 18th century is often considered the golden age of satire. Writers took advantage of classical forms to cleverly castigate the royal and aristocratic classes. This was the era when the poet Alexander Pope could sum up his literary competition in a book entitled "The Dunciad," and Jonathan Swift modestly proposed solving the Irish famine by encouraging them to eat their own children.
Wikiquote hosts a great page of popular misattributions and misquotations. For example, despite popular belief, Tarzan never said "Me Tarzan You Jane," Bogart never said "Play it again, Sam," and Sergeant Friday never said "Just the facts, Ma'am." It's all true, honest!
Even though the title of this forum is "Ukrayins'ka Mova," I believe we should have some ongoing discussion in English about English. It's worth it. It saddens me so much that I cannot share some interesting literature with many of the Maidan members because they cannot read it in its original English, and I do not have the time and, honestly, the special skills to translate. It's a bloody shame, IMHO, that our Ukrainian intellectual elite remains, by and large, not used to speaking and writing in English.
English Idioms http://ozhs.ho.com.ua/forum/viewtopic.php?t=2114
An idiom is a phrase where the words together have a meaning that is different from the dictionary definitions of the individual words, which can make idioms hard for ESL students and learners to understand. Here, we provide a dictionary of 2,799 English idiomatic expressions with definitions.
If you have a question about idioms, ask us about it in our English Idioms and Sayings Forum. If you know of an idiom that you would like to be listed here, please use our online form to suggest an idiom.
149 Idioms Beginning With 'A'
~ A ~
A bit much
If something is excessive or annoying, it is a bit much.
A day late and a dollar short
(USA) If something is a day late and a dollar short, it is too little, too late.
A fool and his money are soon parted
This idiom means that people who aren't careful with their money spend it quickly. 'A fool and his money are easily parted' is an alternative form of the idiom.
A fool at 40 is a fool forever
If someone hasn't matured by the time they reach forty, they never will.
A little bird told me
If someone doesn't want to say where they got some information from, they can say that a little bird told them.
A little learning is a dangerous thing
A small amount of knowledge can cause people to think they are more expert than they really are.eg. he said he'd done a course on home electrics, but when he tried to mend my table lamp, he fused all the lights! I think a little learning is a dangerous thing
A lost ball in the high weeds
A lost ball in the high weeds is someone who does not know what they are doing, where they are or how to do something.
A OK
If things are A OK, they are absolutely fine.
A penny for your thoughts
This idiom is used as a way of asking someone what they are thinking about.
A penny saved is a penny earned
This means that we shouldn't spend or waste money, but try to save it.
A picture is worth a thousand words
A picture can often get a message across much better than the best verbal description.
A poor man's something
Something or someone that can be compared to something or someone else, but is not as good is a poor man's version; a writer who uses lots of puns but isn't very funny would be a poor man's Oscar Wilde.
A pretty penny
If something costs a pretty penny, it is very expensive.
A problem shared is a problem halved
If you talk about your problems, it will make you feel better.
A rising tide lifts all boats
This idiom, coined by John F Kennedy, describes the idea that when an economy is performing well, all people will benefit from it.
A rolling stone gathers no moss
People say this to mean that that a go-getter type person is more successful than a person not doing any thing.
A steal
If something is a steal, it costs much less than it is really worth.
A still tongue keeps a wise head
Wise people don't talk much.
A watched pot never boils
Some things work out in their own time, so being impatient and constantly checking will just make things seem longer.
A1
If something is A1, it is the very best or finest.
Abide by a decision
If you abide by a decision, you accept it and comply with it, even though you might disagree with it.
Abject lesson
(India) An abject lesson serves as a warning to others. (In some varieties of English 'object lesson' is used.)
About as useful as a chocolate teapot
Someone or something that is of no practical use is about as useful as a chocolate teapot.
About face
If someone changes their mind completely, this is an about face. It can be used when companies, governments, etc, change their position on an issue.
Above board
If things are done above board, they are carried out in a legal and proper manner.
Absence makes the heart grow fonder
This idiom means that when people are apart, their love grows stronger.
Accident waiting to happen
If something is an accident waiting to happen, there's definitely going to be an accident or it's bound to go wrong. ('Disaster waiting to happen' is also used.)
Ace up your sleeve
If you have an ace up your sleeve, you have something that will give you an advantage that other people don't know about.
Achilles' heel
A person's weak spot is their Achilles' heel.
Acid test
An acid test is something that proves whether something is good, effective, etc, or not.
Across the board
If something applies to everybody, it applies across the board.
Across the ditch
(NZ) This idiom means on the other side of the Tasman Sea, used to refer to Australia or New Zealand depending on the speaker's location.
Across the pond
(UK) This idiom means on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, used to refer to the US or the UK depending on the speaker's location.
Act of God
An act of God is something like an earthquake or floods that human beings cannot prevent or control.
Actions speak louder than words
This idiom means that what people actually do is more important than what they say- people can promise things but then fail to deliver.
Adam's apple
The Adam's apple is a bulge in the throat, mostly seen in men.
Add fuel to the fire
If people add fuel to the fire, they make a bad situation worse.
Add insult to injury
When people add insult to injury, they make a bad situation even worse.
After your own heart
A person after your own heart thinks the same way as you.
Against the clock
If you do something against the clock, you are rushed and have very little time to do it.
Against the grain
If doing something goes against the grain, you're unwilling to do it because it contradicts what you believe in, but you have no real choice.
Age before beauty
When this idiom is used, it is a way of allowing an older person to do something first, though often in a slightly sarcastic way.
Agony aunt
An agony aunt is a newspaper columnist who gives advice to people having problems, especially personal ones.
Ahead of the pack
If you are ahead of the pack, you have made more progress than your rivals.
Ahead of time
If something happens ahead of time, it happens early or before the set time.
Albatross around your neck
An albatross around, or round, your neck is a problem resulting from something you did that stops you from being successful.
Alike as two peas
If people or things are as alike as two peas, they are identical.
Alive and kicking
If something is active and doing well, it is alive and kicking. (It can be used for people too.)
All along
If you have known or suspected something all along, then you have felt this from the beginning.
All and sundry
This idiom is a way of emphasising 'all', like saying 'each and every one'.
All bark and no bite
When someone talks tough but really isn't, they are all bark and no bite.
All bark and no bite
Someone who talks a lot, but does nothing to back up their words-- like a dog that barks at strangers, but won't actually bite.
All bets are off
(USA) If all bets are off, then agreements that have been made no longer apply.
All ears
If someone says they're all ears, they are very interested in hearing about something.
All eyes on me
If all eyes are on someone, then everyone is paying attention to them.
All fingers and thumbs
If you're all fingers and thumbs, you are too excited or clumsy to do something properly that requires manual dexterity. 'All thumbs' is an alternative form of the idiom.
All hat, no cattle
(USA) When someone talks big, but cannot back it up, they are all hat, no cattle.('Big hat, no cattle' is also used.)
All heart
Someone who is all heart is very kind and generous.
All hell broke loose
When all hell breaks loose, there is chaos, confusion and trouble.
All in a day's work
If something is all in a day's work, it is nothing special.
All in your head
If something is all in your head, you have imagined it and it is not real.
All mod cons
If something has all mod cons, it has all the best and most desirable features. It is an abbreviation of 'modern convenience' that was used in house adverts.
All mouth and trousers
(UK) Someone who's all mouth and trousers talks or boasts a lot but doesn't deliver. 'All mouth and no trousers' is also used, though this is a corruption of the original.
All my eye and Peggy Martin
(UK) An idiom that appears to have gone out of use but was prevalent in the English north Midlands of Staffordshire, Cheshire and Derbyshire from at least the turn of the 20th century until the early 1950s or so. The idiom's meaning is literally something said or written that is unbelievable, rumor, over embellished, the result of malicious village gossip etc.
All of the above
This idiom can be used to mean everything that has been said or written, especially all the choices or possibilities.
All over the map
(USA) If something like a discussion is all over the map, it doesn't stick to the main topic and goes off on tangents.
All over the place
If something is completely disorganised or confused, it is all over the place.
All over the shop
If something is completely disorganised or confused, it is all over the shop.
All over the show
If something is all over the show, it's in a complete mess.An alternative to 'All over the shop'.
All roads lead to Rome
This means that there can be many different ways of doing something.
All set
If you're all set, you are ready for something.
All skin and bone
If a person is very underweight, they are all skin and bone, or bones.
All square
If something is all square, nobody has an advantage or is ahead of the others.
All talk and no trousers
(UK) Someone who is all talk and no trousers, talks about doing big, important things, but doesn't take any action.
All that glitters is not gold
This means that appearances can be deceptive and things that look or sound valuable can be worthless. ('All that glistens is not gold' is an alternative.)
All the rage
If something's all the rage, it is very popular or fashionable at the moment.
All the tea in China
If someone won't do something for all the tea in China, they won't do it no matter how much money they are offered.
All your eggs in one basket
If you put all your eggs in one basket, you risk everything at once, instead of trying to spread the risk. (This is often used as a negative imperative- 'Don't put all your eggs in one basket'. 'Have your eggs in one basket' is also used.)
All's fair in love and war
This idiom is used to say that where there is conflict, people can be expected to behave in a more vicious way.
All's well that ends well
If the end result is good, then everything is good.
All-singing, all-dancing
If something's all-singing, all-dancing, it is the latest version with the most up-to-date features.
Alter ego
An alter ego is a very close and intimate friend. It is a Latin phrase that literally means 'other self'.
Always a bridesmaid, never a bride
If someone is always a bridesmaid, never a bride, they never manage to fulfill their ambition- they get close, but never manage the recognition, etc, they crave.
Ambulance chaser
A lawyer who encourages people who have been in accidents or become ill to sue for compensation is an ambulance chaser.
Amen
Some use 'Amen' or 'Amen to that' as a way of agreeing with something that has just been said.
An apple a day keeps the doctor away
Eating healthy food keeps you healthy.
An old flame
An old flame is a person that somebody has had an emotional, usually passionate, relationship with, who is still looked on fondly and with affection.
An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure
This expression means that is is better to try to avoid problems in the first place, rather than trying to fix them once they arise.
And all that jazz
This idiom means that everything related or similar is included.
Angry as a bear
If someone is as angry as a bear, they are very angry.('Angry as a bear with a sore foot' is also used.)
Angry as a bull
If someone is as angry as a bull, they are very angry.
Answers on a postcard
This idiom can be used to suggest that the answer to something is very obvious or that the person would really like to hear what people think.
Ants in your pants
If someone has ants in their pants, they are agitated or excited about something and can't keep still.
Any port in a storm
This means that in an emergency any solution will do, even one that would normally be unacceptable.
Any Tom, Dick or Harry
If something could be done by any Tom, Dick or Harry, it could be done by absolutely anyone.
Apple of your eye
Something or, more often, someone that is very special to you is the 'apple of your' eye.
Apron strings
A man who is tied to a woman's apron strings is excessively dependent on her, especially when it is his mother's apron strings.
Argue the toss
(UK) If you argue the toss, you refuse to accept a decision and argue about it.
Arm and a leg
If something costs an arm and a leg, it is very expensive.
Armchair critic
An armchair critic is someone who offers advice but never shows that they could actually do any better.
Armed to the teeth
If people are armed to the teeth, they have lots of weapons.
Around the clock
If something is open around the clock, it is open 24 hours a day. For example, an airport is open around the clock.
Arrow in the quiver
An arrow in the quiver is a strategy or option that could be used to achieve your objective.
As a rule
If you do something as a rule, then you usually do it.
As cold as ice
This idiom can be used to describe a person who does not show any emotion.
As cold as stone
If something is as cold as stone, it is very cold. If a person is as cold as stone, they are unemotional.
As cool as a cucumber
If someone is as cool as a cucumber, they don't get worried by anything.
As mad as a hatter
This simile means that someone is crazy or behaves very strangely. In the past many people who made hats went insane because they had a lot of contact with mercury.
As much use as a chocolate fire-guard
A fire-guard is used in front of a fireplace for safety. A chocolate fire-guard is of no use. An alternative to 'As much use as a chocolate teapot'.
As much use as a chocolate teapot
Something that is as much use as a chocolate teapot is not useful at all.
As much use as a handbrake on a canoe
This idiom is used to describe someone or something as worthless or pointless.
As neat as a new pin
This idiom means tidy and clean.
As one man
If people do something as one man, then they do it at exactly the same time or in complete agreement.
As the actress said to the bishop
(UK) This idiom is used to highlight a sexual reference, deliberate or accidental.
As the crow flies
This idiom is used to describe the shortest possible distance between two places.
As you sow, so shall you reap
This means that if you do bad things to people, bad things will happen to you, or good things if you do good things.
Asleep at the switch
If someone is asleep at the switch, they are not doing their job or taking their responsibilities very carefully. 'Asleep at the wheel' is an alternative.
Asleep at the wheel
If someone is asleep at the wheel, they are not doing their job or taking their responsibilities very carefully. 'Asleep at the switch' is an alternative.
At a loose end
(UK) If you are at a loose end, you have spare time but don't know what to do with it.
At a snail's pace
If something moves at a snail's pace, it moves very slowly.
At arm's length
(India) If something is at arm's length, it is very close to you.
At arm's length
Keep somebody at arm's length means not allowing somebody to be become to friendly with you or close to you.
At cross purposes
When people are at cross purposes, they misunderstand each other or have different or opposing objectives.
At daggers drawn
If people are at daggers drawn, they are very angry and close to violence.
At death's door
If someone looks as if they are at death's door, they look seriously unwell and might actually be dying.
At each other's throats
If people are at each other's throats, they are fighting, arguing or competing ruthlessly.
At full tilt
If something is at full tilt, it is going or happening as fast or as hard as possible.
At large
If a criminal is at large, they have not been found or caught.
At loggerheads
If people are at loggerheads, they are arguing and can't agree on anything.
At loose ends
(USA) If you are at a loose end, you have spare time but don't know what to do with it.
At odds
If you are at odds with someone, you cannot agree with them and argue.
At sea
If things are at sea, or all at sea, they are disorganized and chaotic.
At the bottom of the totem pole
(USA) If someone is at the bottom of the totem pole, they are unimportant. Opposite is at the top of the totem pole.
At the coalface
If you work at the coalface, you deal with the real problems and issues, rather than sitting in a office discussing things in a detached way.
At the drop of a hat
If you would do something at the drop of a hat, you'd do it immediately.
At the end of the day
This is used to mean 'in conclusion' or 'when all is said and done'.
At the end of your rope
(USA) If you are at the end of your rope, you are at the limit of your patience or endurance.
At the end of your tether
(UK) If you are at the end of your tether, you are at the limit of your patience or endurance.
At the fore
In a leading position
At the top of my lungs
If you shout at the top of your lungs, you shout as loudly as you possibly can.
At the top of your voice
If you talk, shout or sing at the top of your voice, you do it as loudly as you can.
At your wit's end
If you're at your wit's end, you really don't know what you should do about something, no matter how hard you think about it.
At your wits' end
If you are at your wits' end, you have no idea what to do next and are very frustrated.
Average Joe
An average Joe is an ordinary person without anything exceptional about them.
Avowed intent
If someone makes a solemn or serious promise publicly to attempt to reach a certain goal, this is their avowed intent.
Away with the fairies
If someone is away with the fairies, they don't face reality and have unrealistic expectations of life.
Awe inspiring
Something or someone that is awe inspiring amazes people in a slightly frightening but positive way.
AWOL
AWOL stands for "Absent Without Leave", or "Absent Without Official Leave". Orignially a military term, it is used when someone has gone missing without telling anyone or asking for permission.
Axe to grind
If you have an axe to grind with someone or about something, you have a grievance, a resentment and you want to get revenge or sort it out. In American English, it is 'ax'.
As good as it gets - meaning, fine, satisfactory, normal, not to worry about.
As good as dead - meaning, useless, obsolete, something that can be thrown away.
2008.05.31 | stefan
This manicure should bring some good coin
manicure
1. This manicure should bring some good coin — С этой очищенной марихуаны должен быть большой навар
2. Bruno never would manicure the stuff. Some people would buy it anyway — Бруно никогда не доводит марихуану до кондиции. Все равно найдутся люди, которые купят ее в неочищенном виде
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stuff [] 1. 1) а) материал, состав, вещество (из чего что-л. состоит) He is made of sterner stuff than his father. — У него более решительный характер, чем у его отца. б) материал, субстанция 2) материал для вязания (особенно шерсть) 3) а) дрянь, хлам, фигня Do you call this stuff butter? — Неужели вы называете эту дрянь маслом? This book is poor stuff. — Это никчёмная книжонка. Syn: rubbish 1. б) чепуха, болтовня 4) штука, штуковина (также универсальный гипероним) This is the sort of stuff to give them. — Только так и надо поступать с ними; они не заслуживают лучшего обращения. Apples, oranges, this kind of stuff. — Так, апельсины, яблоки, всякое такое. 5) а) ; = doctor's stuff состав, лекарство (о порошках, микстурах; особенно самодельных) ...>> stuff [] (mainly ) 1) to pack or fill completely; cram ...>> stuff I 1) She leaves her stuff knocking ...>> stuff - and stuff - doctor's stuff ...>> stuff согласовывать скорость передачи данных stuff 1) вещество 2) материал ...>> stuff 1) материал; вещество 2) сырьё; полуфабрикат ...>> stuff материал; вещество - fatigue stuff - food stuff stuff 1) материал; вещество 2) набивка; наполнитель || ...>> stuff 1) вещество; материал 2) раствор для штукатурки ...>> stuff материал; вещество - loose stuff stuff 1) вещество 2) масса 3) материал ...>>
50 states and 1 district*; Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia*, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming
Dependent areas:
American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island
note: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; it entered into a political relationship with all four political units: the Northern Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21 October 1986); the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 1 October 1994)
Вимова іншомовних слів амeриканцями - місцeві особливості
У штаті Кeнтуккі є вeликe місто, якe звeться Louisville. Місцeві житeлі вимовляють його назву "Луївілл." У штаті Місісіпі тeж є місто Louisville (правда нe такe вeликe, як кeнтуккійськe), алe місцeві житeлі вимовляють цe тільки як "Луісвілл." Якщо хтось називає їх місто Луївілл, вони нeодмінно виправлять.
У півдeнній Каліфорнії є місто Cан-Дієго, північна околиця якого називається La Jolla (Ла Хойя - так дійсно правильно вимовляти цю назву, тому що в іспанській мові подвійнe "л" пeрeд голосною вимовляється як "й"). Алe в північному Тeхасі є місто Amarillo, і всі місцeві житeлі, окрім пeршого покоління імігрантів з Мeксики, називають його "Амарілло," а нe "Амарійо."
Orysia пише:
> Ні, не Ла Хоя, а Ла Гоя! так само як не Хілларі а Гілларі, і гат доґ не хат дог, і паки паки
>
> існyє бyква Г = H
>
> бyдь ласка, слyхайте тих, які знають і розмовляють англ. мовою
>
> інакше, виходить на сміх, а то і сміховище - translations from hell (not KHell, not Gell, but Hell)
Англомовні у слові La Jolla дійсно вимовляють звук [h], але в стандартній еспанській вимові там насправді вимовляється звук [x]. Щодо самих мексиканців (та латиноамериканців загалом), то деякі з них вимовляють [h], а деякі [x]...
Хоча правило про "h" = "г" пасує добре до англійської, німецької, голандської та багатьох инших мов, воно автоматично не поширюється на всі мови. Наприклад, хорвати вживають літеру "h" для позначення звуку [x], так само, як і болгари з македонцями в транслітерації латинкою. Те саме стосується стандартної китайської записаною латинкою pinyin (себто китайська провінція 湖南, що пишеться латинкою як Húnán, є насправді Хунань а не Гунань, як я колись побачив у якійсь ґазеті)...
> Хоча правило про "h" = "г" пасує добре до англійської, німецької, голандської та багатьох инших мов, воно автоматично не поширюється на всі мови.
У германських мовах [h] = [г], але знеголошеному.
Зі слов'янських чеська та словацька мають "нормальне" майже укр. [г] й записують його як h.
У польській історично теж так було, але тепер літеру h та сполуку літер ch вони вимовляють однаково: як [х]. Через те пол. chart ‘хорт’ і hart ‘гарт’ на слух не розрізнити.
З власними назвами виникає проблема: чи орієнтуватися на етимологію, чи на звучання? Є, приміром, у Варшаві вулиця Hoża: то вона Гожа чи Хожа? А ще там є вулиця Huculska...
2009.06.21 | Георгій
Re: Не зовсім так...
Дякую, панe Коцький!
Гамeриканці в принципі нe здатні вимовити звук "х." Тому в них і eспанський Хуан став Уаном.
2009.06.21 | Георгій
Re: Вимова іншомовних слів амeриканцями - місцeві особливості
Так, пані Орисю, дякую за виправлeння. Ви маєтe рацію: англомовні люди дійсно вимовляють Ла Гойя, з дихальним [h].
2008.10.05 | Orysia
Re: English
LanguAge
2008.11.30 | stryjko_bojko
fuck
fuck
Fuck is an English word that, as a verb, means "to have sexual intercourse". It is also a verb that means "to be cheated" ("I got fucked by a scam artist"). As a noun it may describe a contemptible person (also fucker) or a sexual partner. It can be used as an interjection, and its participle fucking is sometimes used as a strong emphatic. The verb to fuck may be used transitively or intransitively, and it appears in compounds, including fuck off, fuck up, and fuck with. In less explicit usages (but still regarded as vulgar), fuck can mean to mess around, or to deal with unfairly or harshly. In a phrase such as "don't give a fuck", the word is the equivalent of "damn", in the sense of something having little value. In "what the fuck", it serves merely as an intensive.
The word's use is considered obscene in polite circles, but may be common in informal and domestic situations. It is unclear whether the word has always been considered vulgar, and if not, when it first came to be used to describe (often in an extremely angry, hostile or belligerent manner) unpleasant circumstances or people in an intentionally offensive way, such as in the term motherfucker, one of its more common usages in some parts of the English-speaking world.
Etymology
The Oxford English Dictionary states that the ultimate etymology is uncertain, but that the word is "probably cognate" with a number of native Germanic words with meanings involving striking, rubbing, and having sex.[1]
Flen flyys and freris
The usually accepted first known occurrence is in code in a poem in a mixture of Latin and English composed some time before 1500. The poem, which satirizes the Carmelite friars of Cambridge, England, takes its title, "Flen flyys", from the first words of its opening line, Flen, flyys, and freris (= "Fleas, flies, and friars"). The line that contains fuck reads Non sunt in coeli, quia gxddbov xxkxzt pg ifmk. Removing the substitution cipher[2] on the phrase "gxddbov xxkxzt pg ifmk" yields non sunt in coeli, quia fvccant vvivys of heli, which translated means, "They are not in heaven because they fuck wives of Ely" (fvccant is a false Latin form).[3] The phrase was coded likely because it accused some Church personnel of misbehaving; it is uncertain to what extent the word fuck was considered acceptable at the time.
John le Fucker
A man's name "John le Fucker" is said to be reported from AD 1278, but the report is doubtful: an email discussion on Linguist List says:
This name has been exhaustively argued over ... The "John le Fucker" reference first appears in Carl Buck's 1949 Indo-European dictionary. Buck does not supply a citation as to where he found the name. No one has subsequently found the manuscript in which it is alleged to have appeared. If the citation is genuine and not an error, it is most likely a spelling variant of "fulcher", meaning soldier.[4]
Anglo-Saxon
An Anglo-Saxon charter[5][6] granted by Offa, king of Mercia, dated AD 772, granting land at Bexhill, Sussex to a bishop, includes the text:
Þonne syndon þa gauolland þas utlandes into Bexlea in hiis locis qui appellantur hiis nominibus: on Berna hornan .iii. hida, on Wyrtlesham .i., on Ibbanhyrste .i., on Croghyrste .viii., on Hrigce .i., on Gyllingan .ii., on Fuccerham 7 and on Blacanbrocan .i., on Ikelesham .iii.;
Then the tax-lands of the outland belonging to Bexley are in these places which are called by these names: at Barnhorne 3 hides, at Wyrtlesham [Worsham farm near Bexhill ] 1, at Ibbanhyrst 1, at Crowhurst 8, at (Rye? The ridge north of Hastings?) 1, at Gillingham 2, at Fuccerham and at Blackbrook [may be Black Brooks in Westfield village just north of Hastings ] 1, at Icklesham 3.
The placename Fuccerham looks like either "the home (hām) of the fucker or fuckers" or "the enclosed pasture (hamm) of the fucker or fuckers", who may have been a once-notorious man, or a locally well-known stud male animal, or a group of such.[citation needed]
Older etymology
Via Germanic
The word fuck has probable cognates in other Germanic languages, such as German ficken (to fuck); Dutch fokken (to strike, to beget); dialectal Norwegian fukka (to copulate), and dialectal Swedish fokka (to strike, to copulate) and fock (penis).[1]
This points to a possible etymology where Common Germanic fuk– comes from an Indo-European root meaning "to strike", cognate with non-Germanic words such as Latin pugnus "fist".[1] By reverse application of Grimm's law, this hypothetical root has the form *pug–.[citation needed] In early Proto-Germanic the word was likely used at first as a slang or euphemistic replacement for an older word for intercourse, and then became the usual word for intercourse.[citation needed]
The original Indo-European root for to copulate is likely to be * h3yebh– or *h3eybh–, which is attested in Sanskrit यभति (yabhati), Russian ебать (yebat'), Polish jebać, and Serbian jebati, among others: compare the Greek verb οἴφω (oíphō) = "I have sex with", and the Greek noun Ζέφυρος (Zéphyros) (which references a Greek belief that the west wind Zephyrus caused pregnancy).
Via Latin or Greek
* Other possible connections are to Latin fūtuere (almost exactly the same meaning as the English verb "to fuck"); but it would have to be explained how the word reached Scandinavia from Roman contact, and how the t became k.[citation needed] From fūtuere came French foutre, Catalan fotre, Italian fottere, Romanian futere, vulgar peninsular Spanish follar and joder, and Portuguese foder. However, there is considerable doubt and no clear lineage for these derivations. These roots, even if cognates, are not the original Indo-European word for to copulate, but Wayland Young (who agrees that these words are related) argues that they derive from the Indo-European *bhu– or *bhug– ("be", "become"), or as causative "create" [see Young, 1964]. A possible intermediate might be a Latin 4th-declension verbal noun *fūtus, with possible meanings including "act of (pro)creating".
* A derivation from Latin facere = "to do", "to make" has been suggested.[citation needed]
* Greek phyō (φυω) has various meanings, including (of a man) "to beget", or (of a woman), "to give birth to".[7] Its perfect tense pephyka (πεφυκα) can be likened to "fuck" and its equivalents in other Germanic languages.[citation needed]
False etymologies
One reason that the word fuck is so hard to trace etymologically is that it was used far more extensively in common speech than in easily traceable written forms.
There are several urban-legend false etymologies postulating an acronymic origin for the word. None of these acronyms were ever heard before the 1960s, according to the authoritative lexicographical work The F-Word, and thus are backronyms. In any event, the word fuck has been in use far too long for some of these supposed origins to be possible. Some of these urban legends are:
* That the word fuck came from Irish law. If a couple were caught committing adultery, they would be punished "For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge In the Nude", with "FUCKIN" written on the stocks above them to denote the crime.
* That it came from any of:
o "Fornication Under Carnal/Cardinal Knowledge"
o "Fornication Under [the] Control/Consent/Command of the King"
o "Fornication Under the Christian King"
o "False Use of Carnal Knowledge"
o "Felonious Use of Carnal Knowledge"
o "Felonious Unlawful Carnal Knowledge"
o "Full-On Unlawful Carnal Knowledge"
o "For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge"
o "Found Under Carnal Knowledge"
o "Found Unlawful Carnal Knowledge"
o "Forced Unlawful Carnal Knowledge", referring to the crime of rape.
Usage history
Main article: History of the word 'fuck'
Early usage
Its first known use as a verb meaning to have sexual intercourse is in "Flen flyys", written around 1475.
William Dunbar's 1503 poem "Brash of Wowing" includes the lines: "Yit be his feiris he wald haue fukkit: / Ye brek my hairt, my bony ane" (ll. 13–14).
Some time around 1600, before the term acquired its current meaning, windfucker was an acceptable name for the bird now known as the kestrel[citation needed].
While Shakespeare never used the term explicitly; he hinted at it in comic scenes in a few plays. The Merry Wives of Windsor (IV.i) contains the expression focative case (see vocative case). In Henry V (IV.iv), Pistol threatens to firk (strike) a soldier, a euphemism for fuck. Also in Henry V Princess Katherine asks her waiting maid (III.4, in French) how one says "pied" in English, and is told in reply that the English word is "foot". This embarrasses the Princess because foot is pronounced the same as French "foutre", meaning fuck.
Rise of modern usage
Though it appeared in John Ash's 1775 A New and Complete Dictionary, listed as "low" and "vulgar", and appearing with several definitions[8], Fuck did not appear in any widely-consulted dictionary of the English language from 1795 to 1965. Its first appearance in the Oxford English Dictionary (along with the word cunt) was in 1972. There is anecdotal evidence of its use during the American Civil War.[citation needed]
In 1928, D. H. Lawrence's novel Lady Chatterley's Lover gained notoriety for its frequent use of the words fuck, fucked, and fucking.
Perhaps the earliest usage of the word in popular music was the 1938 Eddy Duchin release of the Louis Armstrong song "Ol' Man Mose". The words created a scandal at the time, resulting in sales of 170,000 copies during the Great Depression years when sales of 20,000 were considered blockbuster. The verse reads:
(We believe) He kicked the bucket,
(We believe) Yeah man, buck-buck-bucket,
(We believe) He kicked the bucket and ol' man mose is dead,
(We believe) Ahh, fuck it!
(We believe) Buck-buck-bucket,
(We believe) He kicked the bucket and ol' man mose is dead.
The liberal usage of the word (and other vulgarisms) by certain artists (such as James Joyce, Henry Miller, Lenny Bruce, Peter Cook and Dudley Moore, in their Derek and Clive personas) has led to the banning of their works and criminal charges of obscenity.
After Norman Mailer's publishers convinced him to bowdlerize fuck as fug in his work The Naked and the Dead (1948), Tallulah Bankhead supposedly greeted him with the quip, "So you're the young man who can't spell fuck." In fact, according to Mailer, the quip was devised by Bankhead's PR man. He and Bankhead didn't meet until 1966 and did not discuss the word then. The rock group The Fugs named themselves after the Mailer euphemism.
The science fiction novel That Hideous Strength (1945), by C.S. Lewis, includes lines of dialog with the word bucking used the same way as fugging would be in Mailer's novel, published three years later.
In his novel Ulysses (1922), James Joyce used a sly spelling pun for fuck (and cunt as well) with the doggerel verse:
If you see Kay,
Tell him he may.
See you in tea,
Tell him from me.
Memphis Slim had a melancholy blues about lost love entitled "If You See Kay".
The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger featured an early use of fuck you in print. First published in the United States in 1951, the novel remains controversial to this day due to its use of the word, standing at number 13 for the most banned books from 1990–2000 according to the American Library Association.[9] The book offers a blunt portrayal of the main character's reaction to the existence of the word, and all that it means.
The Australian vaudeville comedian Roy Rene once had a comedy 'skit' where he would act with another person and would write the letter 'F' on a blackboard (on stage) and then ask his co-actor: 'What letter do you see' to which he would reply: 'K'. Mo would then say: 'Why is it that whenever I write F you see K?'
One of the earliest mainstream Hollywood movies to use the word fuck was director Robert Altman's irreverent antiwar film, MASH, released in 1970 at the height of the Vietnam War. During the football game sequence about three-quarters of the way through the film, one of the MASH linemen says to an 8063rd offensive player, "All right, bud, your fuckin' head is coming right off." Also, former Beatle John Lennon's 1971 release "Working Class Hero" featured use of the word, which was rare in music at the time and caused it to, at most, be played only in segments on the radio. In 2007, some 36 years later, Green Day did a cover of Lennon's song, which was censored for radio airplay, with the "Ph.." sound being audible but then phased out.
Former Saturday Night Live cast member Charles Rocket uttered the vulgarity in one of the earliest instances of its use on television, during a 1980 episode of the show, for which he was subsequently fired.[10] [11]
The word was used in the 2003 film Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World by a fictional whaler describing pirates who burned his ship in 1802. The word is used occasionally in the Aubrey–Maturin series of novels of Patrick O'Brian, on which the film is based.[12]
Comedian George Carlin once commented that the word fuck ought to be considered more appropriate, because of its implications of love and reproduction, than the violence exhibited in many movies. He humorously suggested replacing the word kill with the word fuck in his comedy routine, such as in an old movie western: "Okay, sheriff, we're gonna fuck you, now. But we're gonna fuck you slow..." Or, perhaps in reference to a murderer: "Mad Fucker on the Loose", or even the murderer himself: "Stop me before I fuck again!" More popularly published is his famous "Filthy Words" routine, better known as "Seven Words You Can Never Say On Television."
Use in politics
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Fuck is not widely used in politics, and any use by notable politicians tends to produce controversy. Some events of this nature include:
* In 1965, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson said to the Greek ambassador Alexandros Matsas when he objected to American plans in Cyprus, "Fuck your parliament and your constitution. America is an elephant. Cyprus is a flea. Greece is a flea. If these two fellows continue itching the elephant they may just get whacked by the elephant's trunk, whacked good."[4]
* During the 1968 Democratic National Convention, Chicago mayor Richard Daley became so enraged by a speech from Abraham A. Ribicoff that he shouted "Fuck you, you Jew motherfucker!"[13] Daley would later claim that he was shouting "you fink, you" and calling Ribicoff a "faker".[14]
* During debate in February 1971 in the Canadian House of Commons, Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau mouthed the words "fuck off" under his breath (perhaps almost silently) at Conservative MP John Lundrigan, while Lundrigan made some comments about unemployment. Afterward, when asked by a television reporter what he had been thinking, Mr. Trudeau famously replied "What is the nature of your thoughts, gentlemen, when you say 'fuddle duddle' or something like that?". "Fuddle duddle" consequently became a catchphrase in Canadian media associated with Trudeau.[15]
* The first accepted modern use in the British House of Commons came in 1982 when Reg Race, Labour MP for Wood Green, referred to adverts placed in local newsagents by prostitutes which read "Phone them and fuck them". Hansard, the full record of debates, printed "F*** them", but even this euphemism was deprecated by the Speaker, George Thomas.
* Shortly after Tony Blair was elected Leader of the Labour Party, the then left-wing Labour MP George Galloway told a public meeting "I don't give a fuck what Tony Blair thinks" when questioned about the party's move to the right.
* A famous British usage of fuck comes from a 2001/2002 scandal at the Department of Transport, Local Government and the Regions, while Stephen Byers was the Minister. His press officer, Jo Moore, sent an email after the September 11, 2001 attacks suggesting it would be "a good day to bury bad news". As the scandal unravelled, Permanent Secretary to the Department, Sir Richard Mottram was widely reported to have said "We're all fucked. I'm fucked. You're fucked. The whole department is fucked. It's the biggest cock-up ever and we're all completely fucked." To British ears this was particularly amusing coming from someone so senior in the civil service.
* In late 2003, US presidential candidate Senator John Kerry used the word fuck in an interview with Rolling Stone. Referring to his vote in favor of the resolution authorizing President George W. Bush to use military force in Iraq, Senator John Kerry stated, "I voted for what I thought was best for the country. Did I expect Howard Dean to go off to the left and say, 'I'm against everything'? Sure. Did I expect George Bush to fuck it up as badly as he did? I don't think anybody did."[16]
* In June 2004, United States Vice President Dick Cheney replied to criticism about Halliburton's role in the reconstruction of Iraq from Democratic senator Patrick Leahy with "fuck yourself". The media, and opposition parties were very quick to highlight the White House's stance on obscenities uttered in this manner, quoting their reaction to a similar outburst by John Kerry in December 2003. Ironically, Cheney's outburst occurred on the same day that the Defense of Decency Act was passed in the Senate.
* In June 2004, U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney told Senator Patrick Leahy to either "fuck off" or "go fuck yourself" during an exchange on the floor of the Senate,[17] to which Patrick Leahy cried foul.
* In February 2005, British media chief Alastair Campbell accidentally sent the email "Just spoke to trev. think tbwa shd give statement to newsnight saying party and agency work together well and nobody here has spoken to standard. Posters done by tbwa according to political brief. Now fuck off and cover something important you twats!" to the Newsnight journalist Andrew McFadyen, instead of a party official. Trev. refers to Trevor Beattie the boss of TBWA.
* In February 2006 (Australia), New South Wales Premier Morris Iemma, while awaiting the start of a Council of Australian Governments media conference in Canberra, was chatting to Victorian Premier Steve Bracks. Not realizing cameras were operating he was recorded as saying "Today? This fuckwit who's the new CEO of the Cross City Tunnel has ... been saying what controversy? There is no controversy."[18] The exchange referred to the newly appointed CEO of a recently-opened toll road within Sydney.
* On January 31, 2007, former New York Governor Eliot Spitzer angrily retorted to Assembly Minority Leader James Tedisco, "Listen, I'm a fucking steamroller, and I'll roll over you and anybody else." According to The New York Post, Spitzer confirmed the exchange the following day.[19]
* In April 2007, New Zealand Education Minister Steve Maharey said "fuck you" to a fellow MP during parliamentary question time.[20] He apologized shortly afterwards.
Use in marketing
In April 1997, clothing retailer French Connection began branding their clothes "fcuk" (usually written in lowercase). Though they insisted it was an acronym for French Connection United Kingdom, its similarity to the word "fuck" caused controversy.[21] French Connection fully exploited this and produced an extremely popular range of t-shirts with messages such as "fcuk this", "hot as fcuk", "mile high fcuk", "fcuk me", "too busy to fcuk", "fcuk football", "fcuk fashion", "fcuk fear", "fcuk on the beach", "the joy of fcuk", etc.
Freedom of expression
In 1971, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that the mere public display of fuck is protected under the First and Fourteenth Amendments and cannot be made a criminal offense. In 1968, Paul Robert Cohen had been convicted of "disturbing the peace" for wearing a jacket with "FUCK THE DRAFT" on it (in reference to conscription in the Vietnam War). The conviction was upheld by the Court of Appeals and overturned by the Supreme Court. Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15 (1971).
In 1983, pornographer Larry Flynt, representing himself before the U.S. Supreme Court in a libel case, shouted, "Fuck this court!" during the proceedings, and then called the justices "nothing but eight assholes and a token cunt" (referring to Justice Sandra Day O'Connor). Chief Justice Warren E. Burger had him arrested for contempt of court, but the charge was later dismissed on a technicality.[22]
Use in public media
In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) fines stations for the broadcast of "indecent language", but in 2003 the agency's enforcement bureau ruled that the airing of the statement "This is really, really fucking brilliant!" by U2 member Bono after receiving a Golden Globe Award was neither obscene nor indecent. As U.S. broadcast indecency regulation only extends to depictions or descriptions of sexual or excretory functions, Bono's use of the word as a mere intensifier was not covered.
In early 2004, the full Commission reversed the bureau ruling, in an order that stated that "the F-word is one of the most vulgar, graphic and explicit descriptions of sexual activity in the English language"; a fine, however, has yet to result. Notwithstanding widespread usage and linguistic analysis to the contrary, the reversal was premised on the conclusion that the word fuck has always referred to sexual activity, a claim that the FCC neither explained nor supported with evidence. Even on cable television, which is not regulated by the FCC, few channels in the United States will broadcast the word fuck due to fear of backlash from advertisers or the FCC.
The first occurrence of "fuck" being spoken on British television was on 13 November 1965 when Kenneth Tynan said, during a live debate on the satirical BBC show BBC3, "I doubt if there are any rational people to whom the word 'fuck' would be particularly diabolical, revolting or totally forbidden." This resulted in the BBC having to make a formal apology. It also instigated four House of Commons motions and a letter to the Queen signed by 133 Labour and Tory MPs. It also prompted morality campaigner Mary Whitehouse, to comment that Tynan "ought to have his bottom smacked".[23][24]
The British television show T.F.I Friday officially stood for "Thank Four It's Friday" (the reference to Four being Channel Four on which the show was broadcast). However, it was widely understood in fact to stand for "Thank Fuck It's Friday"; it has been suggested that it would have been broadcast with that title had it not been decided to broadcast it before the watershed. The show also holds the record for the most frequent use of the word fuck to a pre-watershed audience, owing to guest Shaun Ryder using the word 9 times whilst impersonating the Sex Pistols' Johnny Rotten, despite the best efforts of Channel 4. Ryder is now the only person to appear by name in the Channel 4 policy document.[25] The show inspired another show named O.F.I Sunday, or "Oh Fuck It's Sunday". Although for decades the word was widely considered taboo on British television, at most only appearing in late night programmes and films on secondary channels BBC Two and Channel Four, and even then edited or faded out on occasion; by 2006 there appear to be few limitations on the use of the word after the 9pm watershed, and it is commonly used.
In 2004, the word reached a musical milestone when the song "Fuck It (I Don't Want You Back)" by pop singer Eamon became the first song with an expletive in its title to enter the top 20 on the Billboard charts.
Band names
The word "fuck" has been used in a number of band names, generally based on common compounds. Although most of these bands are in the aggressive, non-mainstream genres of punk and metal, e.g. Fucked Up, Fuck... I'm Dead, Fuck the Facts, and The Fucking Champs; bands like Holy Fuck, Fuck, and the Fuck Buttons fall into the categories of more accessible forms of electronic rock and pop.[26]
Holy fuck
"Holy fuck" is a widely used example of 'liturgical profanity' used interjectionally to express anger, contempt, disgust, or amazement. Usually vulgar.[27] Noted by academics [28][29] and used in literature [30][31][32], deriving its power from a combination of the sacred, holy, and the profane, fuck. An exclamation, similar to "holy shit!", but more offensive, also used informally for sex within a religious context.[dubious – discuss] [33]
It is notably used for its shock value in the mainstream movie Notting Hill starring Julia Roberts and Hugh Grant.[34][35]
Occurrence in machine mistranslations
The word fuck occurs sometimes in Chinese/English bilingual public notices in China as a machine translation of the Simplified Chinese character 干 which can also mean "dry" and "do", e.g. "spread to fuck the fruit" for "loose dried fruit" and "fuck the certain price of goods" for "dry foods price counter". The fault occurred in some versions of commonly-used Chinese to English machine translators, for example Jinshan (金山 = "Gold Mountain") and Kingsoft.[36]
Common alternatives
Main article: Minced oath
In conversation or writing, reference to or use of the word fuck may be replaced by any of a large list of alternative words or phrases, including "the F-word" or "the F-Bomb" (a play on A-Bomb / H-Bomb), or simply, "eff" (as in "What the eff!" or "You eff-ing fool!"). In addition, there are many commonly used substitutes, such as flipping, frigging, fricking, freaking, feck, fudge or any of a number of similar sounding nonsense words. In print, there are alternatives such as, "F***", "F – – k", etc.; or the use of a string of non-alphanumeric characters, for example, "@$#*%!" and similar (especially favored in comic books).
A common replacement word used mainly on the internet is fsck, derived from the name of the Unix file system checking utility.[37] In Battlestar Galactica the bowdlerized form 'Frack' (spelt 'Frak' in the reimagined 2003 version) was used as a substitute for fuck. The word is sometimes jokingly used as a curse by fans and occasionally referenced in other series that appeal to a similar demographic. [38]
Other languages
The word fuck is touted to be one of the few 'universal' words that can be uttered in any country in the world and yet be understood by anyone[citation needed]. Even so, different countries do have their own versions.
Afrikaans
In Afrikaans, the slang word fok has been adopted as an Afrikaans equivalent of fuck (and fokkof as "fuck off"), due to the influence of English media and language in South Africa. Coincidentally, the Afrikaans word neuk, which resembles the Dutch neuken, is used in the context of to strike.
Arabic
The pronunciation of the word fuck literally means jaw in Arabic. Arabs use a few words that have the same meaning as fuck, with most of them being country or region specific and not widely used by all Arabs or even the official Arabic language at all."Yoaasher" or "Yodaej" are official Arabic words that literally mean "to fuck with", as in "to have sex with someone".
Catalan
The translation for "fuck" in Catalan, the verb fotre, could allow a Catalan speaker to use few more verbs and still be understood. It can replace up to thirty verbs, including fer (do),[39] which followed by the proper noun can replace even more verbs, for example: fer/fotre un dibuix can be used instead of dibuixar (draw).
Chinese languages
The Shanghainese verb and adjective 发格 fage (which treated as Chinese means "sends the standard") is derived from the English "fuck" and is used in the exasperated context of things or people "fucking up" or "being difficult." Although fage is often used pejoratively, the term has lost its sexual connotations. In Cantonese, the slang word 屌 diǎo is used in a similar way as the English word "fuck." Similar terms in Mandarin are 肏 cào (sometimes written 操), 幹 (simplified 干) gàn, and 搞 gǎo, the latter used more commonly in Taiwan.
Dutch
In Dutch, the cognate fokken means "to breed". In the past fokken was sometimes used to indicate sexual intercourse, but this is no longer the case. The literal translation of English "fuck" is neuken, and naaien (literally, "to sew") is a milder form roughly equivalent to "screw". The equivalent of "fucking" used as an all-purpose meaningless expletive is kut (kut can be translated as "cunt").
Recently a slang word "modderfokker" (literally: "one who breeds mud") has developed in imitation of English "motherfucker".
French
In French, the word for seal (the animal) is phoque; the word for foresail is foc. Their pronunciation in French resembles that of the word fuck in English. In France, phoque or foc sounds like the British pronunciation of fuck while in Quebec French, they sound like the North American English pronunciation, due to regional influences (although this actually is coincidental, and neither term has any relation to the English word). As well, the English term has been adopted as the adjective fucké, a slang term commonly used in Quebec French to describe something that is broken or off-kilter, or someone who is not in their right mind. It is not considered particularly offensive.
In Quebec, the French word tabernacle, meaning the church tabernacle, is often used in the same way as fuck in English, except in sexual-related usage. It is only used as interjection, noun or adverb. Other Québécois-French swear words (which are primarily of clergical origin) such as Christ, calice (chalice) and hostie (communion wafer or host) are much more versatile, particularly when used in combination. Although commonly used, these terms are considered much worse since they are blasphemous, rather than merely vulgar (the words would be comparable to the use of goddammit in the English language). They are widely used as the only remaining part of the backlash against the domination of Quebec society by the Roman Catholic church, which lasted until the "Quiet Revolution" of the 1960s.
Note that in Quebec French, English swearwords such as "shit" (or the French equivalent, merde) and "fuck" are considered to be much less offensive than if used in the same context for an English speaking person, since they are merely vulgar, or crude, and not blasphemous.
The French word foutre is an approximate translation to "fuck". It was commonly used as an interjection during the French Revolution, and often printed in some newspapers of this period. It is now mainly used in the passive participle adjectival form foutu(e) = "fucked".
German
The word "to fuck" literally translates as ficken, but the force of "fuck" usually equates with Scheiße (shit), or Mist (crap or manure). Nonetheless the exclamation "fuck" itself has been borrowed into German as a swear word and is in occasional to frequent use among some (especially younger) Germans. Ficken is used much in the same way to fuck is used in English and has a pronounced vulgar meaning for other (especially older) speakers.
Official censorship for language, as known from the United States, is virtually unknown and voluntary "self-censorship" is far less common in German. The using of alternative expressions like "the F word" is not practised.
In the German language there are germanized forms of the word, like the pseudo-anglicism abgefuckt "fucked up". German as a language, especially in colloquial and often young slang, borrows deeply from English, including a limited number of English swear words; the two most common examples are fuck and shit (although North German Schiete also means "shit", but is not a loan word). Scheiße is fairly well understood as an expletive among English speakers, although often mis-pronounced with medial [z] instead of [s].
The verb ficken is historically used also in a non-sexual context, but still is related to friction. Examples include:
* ein Schwert ficken: the process of cleaning Slag, Tinder and Ash off a Sword's blade after blacksmithing it; this is done by hanging a Sandbag from the ceiling, lancing the blade through it and then quickly moving the sword back and forth until the blade is clean
More recently, the abbreviation FAQ has been used on German websites and forums, for example on the German wikipedia subsite. The pronunciation is not clearly defined: each letter can be pronounced separately or as one syllable (/fak/, which is similar to the English pronunciation of fuck). To avoid confusion regarding the abbreviation in itself, the acronym FAQ is often changed into the full term "Frequently Asked Questions" or into the literal German translation "Häufig gestellte Fragen" in formal everyday speech.
Interlingua
The English fuck can be used in Interlingua, given its widespread, international use. The actual Interlingua words for to fuck, however, are fottar and futuer.
Japanese
Japanese has the word fakku (ファック, fakku?). The term is a foreign loan from English, but the pronunciation has been adapted to the Japanese phonology. Semantic usage is not as broad as English as it is only used as a slang term for sexual intercourse.[40]
Korean
The Korean Language has the word ssibal (씨발), ssipal (씨팔) which loosely means "to have sexual intercourse with".
Norwegian
In Norwegian, the word fokk means either foresail or something that gets blown in strong wind; drifting snow (snøfokk), or streaks of foam and spray at sea.[41] A Norwegian expletive which is somewhat analogous to the English fuck is the word faen. This is short for fanden, a Norwegian word for the devil.[42] Knulle or pule is the most vulgar Norwegian colloquialism describing sexual intercourse.
Swedish
In Swedish, the morpheme fack is pronounced almost identically to the English fuck, and means a box or compartment, for example a letterbox for internal mail. As a prefix, the morpheme fack refers to something pertaining to a certain trade or profession, for example in the words facklitteratur (literature pertaining to a certain profession) and fackförening (trade union, colloquially referred to as facket (= "the fack")).
Fuck can also be used in colloquial Swedish as an English loan word, with basically the same meanings as in English.[43]
Welsh
In the Welsh language fuck has been transliterated as ffwc or ffwcio which is basically pronounced the same and has the same meaning as in English.
See also
* Censorship
* Euphemism
* FCUK
* For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge
* Four-letter word
* Fucking, Austria
* List of films that most frequently use the word "fuck"
* Madonna on Late Show with David Letterman
* Profanity
* Sexual slang
References
1. ^ a b c "Fuck." OED Online. Draft Revision, June 2008. Oxford University Press. Accessed 26 Aug 2008 [1].
2. ^ Here, replacing each letter by the next letter in alphabetical order, as the English alphabet was then.
3. ^ American Heritage Dictionary definition of fuck
4. ^ A detailed discussion can be found in A.W. Read's "Milestones in The History of English" [may be ISBN 0-8223-6526-X], PADS 86..
5. ^ "Anglo-Saxons.net : S 108". Retrieved on 2008-08-16.
6. ^ "Charters of Christ Church, Canterbury". Retrieved on 2008-08-16.
7. ^ Liddell, Henry George, & Scott, Robert. Greek-English Lexikon; 3rd ed. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1857; p. 1638a, b.
8. ^ "Expletive Deleted - A good look at bad language" by Ruth Wajnryb, Copyright 2005, published by FREE PRESS
9. ^ ALA 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990-2000
10. ^ "Retroland". Retrieved on 2008-08-16.
11. ^ "Saturday Night Live Curse?: A Who2 Loop". Retrieved on 2008-08-16.
12. ^ Patrick O'Brian, The Fortune of War (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), 293.
13. ^ Kaiser, Charles. 1968 in America, p241. Grove Press, 1997. ISBN 0802135307
14. ^ Taylor, Elizabeth. American Pharaoh: Richard J Daley: His Battle for Chicago and the Nation, p478. Back Bay, 2000. ISBN 0316834890.
15. ^ Montcombreaux, Charles. "Flip the Bird: How Fuck and "The Finger" Came to Be" [2]. The Manitoban, November 17, 2004. Vol 92, Issue 13.
16. ^ Cursing Kerry Unleashes Foulmouthed Attack On Bush, New York Post On-line Edition (Waybacked).
17. ^ Dewar, Helen & Dana Milbank. "Cheney Dismisses Critic With Obscenity", Washington Post, 25 June 2004
18. ^ AAP. "Anger good, swearing bad: Iemma", The Age, 11 February 2006
19. ^ Dicker, Fredric. Full Steam Ahead for Spunky Spitz, New York Post, February 1, 2007. Retrieved on July 28, 2007.
20. ^ Audrey Young (5 April 2007). "A couple of quick words from the Minister ... whoops", New Zealand Herald. Retrieved on 19 October 2007.
21. ^ "Time called on FCUK posters", BBC News, 4 April 2001
22. ^ David Bowman, "Citizen Flynt", Salon.com, 2004 July 8.
23. ^ Mark Lawson (2004-02-05). "Has swearing lost its power to shock?". Feature. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2008-05-24.
24. ^ How the F-word lost its teeth UK news | The Guardian
25. ^ "Compliance Manual". Channel 4 108.
26. ^ Sutherland, Sam (2007). ""What the Fuck? Curse Word Band Names Challenge The Music Industry "". Exclaim! Magazine. Retrieved on 2007-10-30.
27. ^ Ayto, J.; Simpson, J. (1992). The Oxford Dictionary of Modern Slang. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0198610521.
28. ^ Gallop, J. (1980). "Impertinent Questions: Irigaray, Sade, Lacan". SubStance 9 (1): 57–67. doi:10.2307/3683929.
29. ^ Rice, C.. "Becoming the fat girl". Women, Health, AND Education: CASWE 6 THBi-Annual International Institute Proceedings: 249, http://www.med.mun.ca/comhealth/CASWE/pdf_docs/Proceedings_july22-06_diana.pdf#page=241. Retrieved on 21 February 2008. "Sharon: I didn’t feel like a girl. Do girl things. I was not a girl, not a boy, just someone existing. Then compound that with being a black female. It's even worse ‘cause you feel, Jesus, I’m nowhere. ‘Cause it's bad enough being a white little girl and you’re fat. But when you’re fat and you’re black, it's like holy fuck. That's like the lowest. The worst thing you could ever be.".
30. ^ Crobsie, L. (1997). Paul's Case: The Kingston Letters. Insomniac Press. ISBN 189583709X.
31. ^ Goodell, J. (2002). Our Story: 77 Hours That Tested Our Friendship And Our Faith. Hyperion. ISBN 1401300553. ""... holyfuck, what is it? I yelled at Harpo, "Get the fuck out o here now! ...""
32. ^ Steffensmeier, D.J. (1986). The Fence: In the Shadow of Two Worlds. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 60.
33. ^ Kay, K.; Nagle, J.; Gould, B. (2000). Male Lust: Pleasure, Power, and Transformation. Haworth Press, 103. ISBN 1560239824.
34. ^ "Holy fuck". Sex Lexis. Retrieved on 2008-02-21.
35. ^ Kuzminchuk, Galina. Conversational Gambits In Discourse, PreCarpathian University (Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine).
36. ^ "Language Log: The Etiology and Elaboration of a Flagrant Mistranslation" (December 09, 2007). Retrieved on 2008-08-16.
37. ^ *2002, David D. Huff Jr., Re: Mandrake 8.2 Musings, alt.os.linux.mandrake, [3] "At some point in your Linux career you should ask yourself: 'If there are 3.4 million successful, happy Mandrake users...what the fsck is wrong with me?'"
38. ^ Talbott, Chris (2008-10-20). "What the `frak'? Faux curse seeping into language", Associated Press.
39. ^ "Optimot - fotre". www.gencat.cat. Retrieved on 2008-06-08.
40. ^ Matumura, Akira (2006). Daijirin (in Japanese). Tōkyō: Sanseidō. ISBN 4-385-13905-9.
41. ^ Søk i elektroniske ordbøker
42. ^ fanden = devil
43. ^ Vid vitlöken vad vi kan svära!
Further references
* Hargrave, Andrea Millwood (2000). Delete Expletives? London: Advertising Standards Authority, British Broadcasting Corporation, Broadcasting Standards Commission, Independent Television Commission.
* Jesse Sheidlower, The F Word (1999) ISBN 0375706348. Presents hundreds of uses of fuck and related words.
* Michael Swan, Practical English Usage, OUP, 1995, ISBN 0194311988.
* Phillip J. Cunningham, Zakennayo!: The Real Japanese You Were Never Taught in School, Plume (1995) ISBN
* Wayland Young, Eros Denied: Sex in Western Society. Grove Press/Zebra Books, New York 1964.
External links
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* Re: the Cheney-Leahy incident, slate.com discusses how American newspapers decide whether or not to print fuck.
* "Online Etymology Dictionary." Some etymological research on the word fuck.
* Usage of the Word Fuck (sound file), a famous (though factually incorrect) piece of Internet humor, variously and incorrectly attributed to Monty Python and George Carlin. Recorded anonymously with a Vivaldi soundtrack, it is believed to be the voice of Jack Wagner.
* Flash animation of the above sound file.
* YouTube version of the above sound file.
* Fuck, academic paper exploring the legal implications of the word, by Christopher M. Fairman, Ohio State University - Michael E. Moritz College of Law March 2006. Ohio State Public Law Working Paper No. 59.
* On Youtube, a funny explanation about the word fuck.
* Four Letter Film - "A challenging and provocative documentary takes a look on all sides of the infamous F-word."
The frequently stolen traffic sign,[1] at the entrance to the village of Fucking.
Fucking, Austria
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Fucking
— Village —
The frequently stolen traffic sign,[1] at the entrance to the village of Fucking.
Fucking is located in Austria
Fucking
Located in Austria 2.5 miles from the German border.
Coordinates: 48°04′02″N 12°51′49″E / 48.06722°N 12.86361°E / 48.06722; 12.86361Coordinates: 48°04′02″N 12°51′49″E / 48.06722°N 12.86361°E / 48.06722; 12.86361
Country Austria
State Upper Austria
Region Innviertel
Municipality Tarsdorf
Established since at least 1070
Named for 6th century man called Focko
Population
- Total 104
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
- Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code 5121
Area code(s) 06278
Licence plate BR
Fucking (German pronunciation: [ˈfʊkɪŋ]) is an Austrian village[2] in the municipality of Tarsdorf,[3] in the Innviertel region of western Upper Austria.
The village is located 33 kilometres (21 mi) north of Salzburg, four kilometres (2.5 mi) east of the German border.
[edit] History
The settlement of Fucking has existed since at least 1070 and is named after a man from the 6th century called Focko. "-ing" is an old Germanic suffix indicating the people of the root word to which it is attached; thus Fucking means "(place of) Focko’s people."[4] The village has a population of 107.
Fucking's most famous feature is a traffic sign with its name on it, beside which tourists often stop to have their photograph taken. It is a commonly stolen street sign.[5] Significant public funds have been spent on replacing the stolen signs.[6]
In 2004, mainly due to the stolen signs, a vote was held on changing the village's name, but the residents voted against doing so.[4] According to the town mayor, Siegfried Hauppl:
“ We had a vote last year on whether to rename the town, but decided to keep it as it is. After all, Fucking has existed for 800 years, probably when a Mr Fuck or the Fuck family moved into the area. The 'ing' was added as a word for settlement.[4] ”
In August 2005, the road signs were replaced with theft-resistant signs welded to steel and secured in concrete to prevent further chances of the sign being stolen.[6]
Delphi (Де́льфи, произносится /ˈdɛlˌfi/ — язык программирования, который используется в одноимённой среде разработки. Название используется начиная с 7 версии среды разработки, ранее это был Object Pascal, разработанный фирмой Borland и изначально реализованный в её пакете Borland Delphi, от которого и получил в 2003 году своё нынешнее название. Object Pascal по сути является наследником языка Pascal с объектно-ориентированными расширениями.
По поводу «правильного» произношения названия языка было сломано немало копий не только в России. Интересно, что нет единства даже среди англоязычных стран. В частности, согласно данному источнику, в Великобритании доминирует произношение «дел-фи́», а в США — «де́л-фай»
“There are two infinite things in the Universe: Cosmos and Human Stupidity. And to the first I'm not sure!”
---------
А сайти з назвою DELFI що означають?
Наприклад:
stryjko_bojko пише:
> Delphi (язык программирования)
> [...]
> По поводу «правильного» произношения названия языка было сломано немало копий не только в России. Интересно, что нет единства даже среди англоязычных стран. В частности, согласно данному источнику, в Великобритании доминирует произношение «дел-фи́», а в США — «де́л-фай» [...]
Таких прикладів є безліч. Навіть в Америці та Канаді дехто вимовляє на початку слова either [aɪ], а дехто [iː] (у Великій Британії майже всі вимовляють [aɪ] в цьому слові).
Пан Коцький пише:
> Таких прикладів є безліч. Навіть в Америці та Канаді дехто вимовляє на початку слова either [aɪ], а дехто [iː] (у Великій Британії майже всі вимовляють [aɪ] в цьому слові).
2009.09.29 | stryjko_bojko
Cкiльки відсотків English words читаються не стандартно
Re: Cкыльки відсотків English words читаються не стандартно
Щоби відповісти на цe питання, трeба спочатку визначити стандарт, стандартність. А цe щодо англійської мови зробити дужe важко. "Steak" читається "стeйк," "tear" (рвати, ламати) - "тeр," алe "steam" - цe "стім," а "beam" - цe "бім." Вітeр пишeться "wind" і читається "винд,", тоді як дієслово "згортати" тeж пишeться "wind," а читaється "вайнд." І так воно скрізь.
Думаю, відсотків так 200-300 англійських слів читаються нeстандартно.
Що саме мав на увазі вельмишановний добродій stryjko_bojko, насправді втямити просто: певне, йому йшлося про випадок з bind, hind, find, rescind "ю нейм іт" проти wind [wınd], тобто про винятки з загального правила. А що правил тих таки до біса, то допитливі очі инколи розбігаються. Дослідники, либонь, не спали, і хтось, просіявши весь корпус, отримав відповідь на сакраментальне "скыількіи %?" (чи який % ), проте, знаючи її, як завжди, погоджуєшся, що ἐν πλήθει σοφίας πλῆθος γνώσεως καὶ ὁ προστιθεὶς γνῶσιν προσθήσει ἄλγημα.
Когда Вы видите Ищейку Dogg в том недавнем Крайслере, коммерческом вперед с Lee Iacocca, и Вы слышите, что он говорит кое-что как,
Fo shizzle ikeizlle!
.... у Вас есть какая-нибудь идея, о чем он говорит?
Возможности, Ваша реакция - то же самое как месторождение: "Эй, этот парень довольно хорошо при том, чтобы придумывать бессмысленные импровизированные рифмы. "
Но это только показывает мое невежество где парень как Ищейка Dogg прибывает из. Оказывается, что эти рифмы не только ерунда, но фактически часть намного более широко используемого диалекта говоривший миллионами Афро-американцев - особенно подростки в "капоте".
Давайте стоять перед этим, люди как я и Lee только не получают это. Если Вы попросите, чтобы я перевел даже простое предложение на это отчасти уличный разговор, я понятия не имею.
В популярных СМИ использование диалекта миллионами африканца Американцы известны как "английский американских негров" - от (черного) "черного дерева" и "акустика" (звук). Серьезное исследование английского американских негров было вокруг больше 30 лет. В 1970-ых лингвисты показали как больше всего из этих диалектов разделяют многие из тех же самых грамматических особенностей как другие языки. Оригинальные Афро-американские диалекты появились когда hodge толстяк западноафриканских языков объединялся вместе с английским языком, чтобы сформировать язык пленные Африканцы могли использовать общаться друг с другом. Оказывается что многие из грамматические особенности английского американских негров, которого мы обычно отклоняем как только у простых плохих англичан фактически есть корни на западноафриканских языках. - http://www.stanford.edu / ~ rickford/ebonics/EbonicsExamples.html
Популярность рэпа и модной музыки перелета дала им уникальный способы говорить огромное подвергание, и rejuventated идея тот английский американских негров - серьезное исследование реального и важного диалекта. Фактически в 1996 английский американских негров был фактически признан Оклендом Школьное Правление как родной язык более чем 50 миллионов африканцев Американцы. И в 2005 это было также добавлено к учебному плану Правление Школы Сан-Бернардино.
Now Bling Bling Inc начала Ebonic Persuit, уникальное новое игра в карты, которая может преподавать всем базовую лексику и синтаксис английского американских негров. Нет больше оправданий. В словах Джека Hoffer его изобретатель, "Ebonic Persuit является способом соединить очень ощутимое промежуток коммуникации" для таковых из нас, кто понятия не имеет что все те рэперы и комики говорят о. Согласно Hoffer, "Клиенты сказали мне, что они наняли игру у дорожных поездок по пересеченной местности и был взрыв с этим. И колледж дети сказали мне, что Ebonic Persuit имеет шумный успех в сторонах... "
Hoffer называет это "ghettofabulous игрой в карты, которая имеет, как Rools Игры объявляют, никакие правила вообще. "Тест карт знание игроков с вопросами с несколькими вариантами ответов в шесть различные категории - Homeslices, Препарат и Leizur, Пол и Natur, Ghettography, Flava и Литература, и Модные Пустяки Перелета. Это - сатира английского американских негров, который преуспевает будучи eductional и развлечение в любом случае, не будучи непочтительным.
Походит на прекрасный способ встать, чтобы ускориться на английском американских негров
Откуда взялся негритянский английский, лингвисты до сих пор толком не знают. Не могут даже прийти к согласию, как этот феномен относится к литературному английскому. Одни, самые экстремисты, считают, что это отдельный язык. Другие называют его диалектом – но диалект понятие областное, а не национальное, да еще несет в себе неполиткорректное значение неправильности, отклонения от нормы. К тому же в Нью-Йорке, Техасе, Алабаме есть свои местные, скажем так, вариации. Сленгом «черный английский» тоже не назовешь, тем более, что и собственный сленг в его системе тоже имеется и называется jive – а есть и стандартная форма языка, так говорят в черной, негритянской церкви. Словом, ученые осторожно называют Black English афро-американским вариантом английского языка, по-английски variety – слово подходящее, поскольку политкорректное: пусть расцветают сто цветов. А само явление гораздо глубже, чем чисто языковая загадка, потому что в нем намешано множество социальных, этнических, культурных, политических веяний и проблем; добавить извечный вопрос расовых отношений – получается гремучая смесь.
АМИНЬ?
Есть несколько теорий происхождения негритянского английского.
Первая теория – креольская. Рабы, привезенные в Северо-Американские штаты, привезли с собой западно-африканские языки, в контакте с белыми хозяевами развили примитивный способ общения с использованием английской лексики, а звуковой строй языка представляет собой нечто среднее между его английским и африканским источниками. Вторую теорию разрабатывают американские диалектологи. Они считают, что язык появился на основе специфических диалектов юга США, на которые особенно повлияли восточно-английские диалекты. Третья, самая актуальная, – теория социолингвистическая. Она говорит, что своей непохожестью, другим словарным составом язык обязан тому неприятному факту, что его носители в течение веков были загнаны в черные гетто больших городов (так называемые «внутренние города», inner cities) – и в замкнутых, вытесненных в нижний класс сообществах, в ограниченном пространстве и появилось это своеобразное явление. За каждой теорией – своя правда, так что лучше учитывать все три.
Но если южный носовой призвук и социально окрашенная лексика в языке очевидны, то западно-африканские корни заметны не так хорошо. Самое хорошо сохранившееся – манера жестикулировать. Система call – response, то есть способ аудитории реагировать на оратора: например, в афро-американской церкви паства дружно отвечает проповеднику на его обращения, через слово звучит «Аминь!» как отзыв на пароль.
ПРОСТАЯ СИСТЕМА
Звучит афро-американский английский иначе, чем просто американский английский. В нем, например, как в британском, отсутствует густое американское R после гласных: car, summertime даже на письме иной раз обозначаются как cah, summahtime. Хотя собственного стабильного правописания у Black English нет. Другие любопытные приметы произношения роднят афроамериканцев с нерадивыми русскими школьниками. И те, и другие игнорируют ненавистные межзубные звуки th – правда, наши заменяют их на «с» и «з», а ненаши - на «т», «д», «ф» и «в»: скажем, загадочный «бавва», buvvuh, – это brother; def – это death. Инговые окончания с носовым звуком на конце упрощают до in“. С ударением обращаются вольно: police, например, ударяют на первом слоге. Российские школьники тоже так делают сплошь и рядом. Правда, двоечники могут не радоваться: в негритянском английском эти особенности – не искажение нормы, а собственная норма, своя система, только другая.
ВРЕМЕНИ НЕТ
И грамматика «черного английского» – мечта нашего школяра, измордованного системой из двенадцати времен с громоздким future-in-the-past впридачу. В афро-американском варианте вместо всех этих хитростей берется простая и приятная, как доллар, форма be. Или вообще ничего не берется. Отрицание во всех временах, лицах и числах может выражаться словом ain’t. Часто о времени вообще можно догадаться только по контексту. Правда, западные ученые выделяют в Black English систему из пяти настоящих времен.
Со временем у афроамериканцев особые отношения. Говорят даже об особом CPT, colored people’s time. Афроамериканцам не важно приходить по расписанию, be on time, вовремя – им важно пребывать в гармонии со своими чувствами, с природой – be in time, во времени. А еще у них, как и у нас, есть двойное и тройное отрицание.
ИСТОЧНИКИ И СОСТАВНЫЕ ЧАСТИ
Словарь афро-американского английского сложился из многих источников. Первый – фольклор, пословицы, поговорки. Из фольклора берут начало вербальные игры. Скажем, the dozen, дюжина – смысл ее в том, чтобы словесно унизить мать своего оппонента, наговорить кучу изобретательных гадостей. Оппонент, не копаясь в кармане в поисках слова, должен немедленно ответить, отбрехаться (кстати, подобная культура перебранки существует отчасти в российских деревнях, отчасти в детсадах) – так они показывают друг другу, что владеют ситуацией. В этих упражнениях оттачивается речитатив, который так знаком нам по рэпу или хип-хопу, отсюда берет начало умение быть ди-джеем, накладывать мелодии, создавать композиции... Впрочем, все это давно уже часть всемирной коммерческой культуры.
Один из огромных пластов лексики языку дала церковь, первый общественный институт, объединивший черных рабов. Там они могли общаться, оттуда берут начало многие слова и выражения. Некоторые из них – больше чем слова. Brother, sister, soul – важнейшие понятия в афро-американской культуре. Брат – это всякий афроамериканец.
Другой источник – музыка. Американские негры обогатили мировую культуру таким количеством музыкальных стилей и направлений, что в этом с ними мало кто может сравниться. И здесь уже не Black English что—то заимствовал из окружающего мира, а весь мир ввел в свои языки слова, взятые у него: соул, ритм-энд-блюз... все, что обозначает стили, разновидности джаза, музыкальные инструменты. Теперь ту же роль выполняют рэп и хип—хоп-культура, обогащающие в том числе и российских тинейджеров познаниями в области «черного английского».
Самый неформальный, ненормативный словарный слой дал негритянскому английскому преступный мир. Именно из криминального мира гетто тянутся, например, длиннейшие синонимические ряды для обозначения каждого из наркотиков – большинство из этих слов, кстати, всосалось в общий американский сленг. В гетто специально работали над языком, чтобы он был никому не понятен.
Секретничать чернокожие обитатели Америки начали еще тогда, когда появились на континенте: рабам надо было держать кое—что в секрете от хозяев – даже тогда, когда они говорят на одном языке. Сказать так, чтобы понял только тот, кому надо. Типичный способ – взять слово и употребить его в противоположном значении: stupid (тупой) – «хороший», оскорбительное nigga («ниггер») в общении между своими принимает значение «товарищ, брат, свой». Fat (жирный) – правда, его даже пишут как phat – крутой. You be phat! – Ты крутой! Dope (наркотик) тоже приобретает значение «отличный», а death (смерть) в написании и произношении def означает то же самое, что и cool. А уж что значит это слово, знает каждый российский первоклассник. Всеми этими находками широко пользуется реклама.
Еще Black English пополняется за счет спорта – в первую очередь баскетбола. НБА в огромных количествах производит специфический жаргон, который с восторгом подхватывает молодое поколение уличных баскетболистов.
ВСЕ НАОБОРОТ, ИЛИ МЕЖКУЛЬТУРНАЯ КОММУНИКАЦИЯ
Межкультурная коммуникация, общение представителей разных культур – вопрос безопасности. И межнациональной, и международной. От непонимания произошло немало громких и тихих конфликтов – и межличностных, и международных, и от непонимания негритянского английского – в том числе.
Вот, например, слово bad (плохой) афроамериканцы переосмыслили в своем духе: у них это положительное определение, оно означает гордость, непокорность, достоинство. Однажды во время холодной войны Мухаммед Али сказал, обращаясь к народу Танзании: There are two bad white men in the history of the world, the Russian white man and the American white man.They are the two baddest men in the history of the world. То есть два самых плохих белых человека в мире – это русский и американец. Естественно, Али имел в виду «самых великих, могущественных, бесстрашных», но его не поняли, и едва не разгорелся крупный международный дипломатический скандал.
Другой скандал, не столь давний, возник из—за разных значений слова bitch («сука») – афроамериканцы, легко понять, вкладывают в это слово положительное значение. Если одна черная женщина называет так другую черную женщину, она имеет в виду, что это ее лучшая подруга. В октябре 2000 года ведущий сатирической программы Have I Got News For You на BBC Ричард Блэквуд назвал этим самым словом королеву. Представители ВВС оправдывались: мол, Блэквуд использовал слово не в оскорбительном смысле, а так, как оно используется в хип-хопе и рэпе. Дело вынесли на рассмотрение комиссии по выработке и соблюдению норм на британском телевидении, которая в марте 2001 года вынесла решение: так можно называть даже королеву. Впервые было официально признано, что в Black English это слово по отношению к женщине не только допустимо, но даже имеет одобрительный оттенок.
Вопрос межкультурной коммуникации может быть вопросом жизни и смерти. В 1992 году черный рэппер Ice T потряс всю Америку своей песней Cop Killer, которая стала его ответом на гибель молодого афроамериканца Р. Кинга, забитого насмерть группой полицейских. В песне было множество слов и выражений, непонятных для непосвященных, специфичных для Black English, и никто из белых американцев не понял настоящего смысла песни, в которой в основном поднимались социально-политические вопросы. Общественность восприняла ее как призыв к убийствам стражей порядка. Полиция организовала демонстрацию протеста перед зданием компании, выпустившей диск. Столкновение демонстрантов и афроамериканцев вылилось в кровавые волнения, захлестнувшие Лос-Анджелес. В результате песней заинтересовалось ФБР, правительство США публично предало Ice T анафеме, свое неуважение к хип-хопу выразили знаменитые американские киноактеры.
КОД
Цифры у афроамериканцев – не просто цифры. Это своеобразный код, который понятен только посвященным. Например, в штате Калифорния уголовная статья за убийство – 187-я. Чернокожее население штата Калифорния вместо слова «убийство» говорит «187», синонимом слова «выпивка» может служить номер статьи за распитие спиртных напитков. 411 – номер справочной службы, так что Give me 411 означает «дайте мне информацию». Общеизвестное 911, «телефон спасения», означает «ЧП». Что—то из этих изобретений уже вошло в национальную культуру – к примеру, американцы даже свою национальную трагедию обозначили как «День 911» (9 – сентябрь, 11 – число, общее значение – чрезвычайная ситуация).
Очень распространенное явление в «черном английском» – использование неформального названия города. Нью-Йорк, например, еще с начала ХХ века именуется Большим Яблоком, Big Apple. Новая мода – вместо имени города называть номер его кода: город 212, например. Уже есть и духи такие, «212». Кстати, Москву уже тоже иногда именуют «городом 095».
ЭБОНИКС
Неологизмом Ebonics назвал в 1973 году язык афроамериканцев Р. Л. Уильямс, доктор психологии, профессор Вашингтонского университета в городе Сент-Луис (Миссури). Слово означает буквально «черная фонетика» (от ebony – черный и phonetics – фонетика). В 1997 году Уильямс выступал на слушаниях в Сенате, где требовал для Ebonics лингвистического статуса полноправного языка. У Ebonics, утверждал он, есть собственная словарная система, есть особая грамматическая структура и морфология. Многие языковые и неязыковые признаки (жестикуляция, мимика, заполнители паузы) роднят его с языками и диалектами, на которых общаются в Западной Африке и Карибском регионе. В Ebonics, доказывал он, есть и местные наречия, и жаргоны, и социальные диалекты – все, что присуще настоящему языку.
18 декабря 1996 года школьный совет города Окленда в штате Калифорния (этот город особенно славится своей культурной терпимостью) опубликовал «Оклендскую резолюцию» с предложением узаконить преподавание на Ebonics, родном языке негритянских детей: на стандартном английском им тяжелее учиться. Резолюция сработала как детонатор: разразилась буря политических дебатов, «культурных войн», начались слушания в Сенате и многочисленные конференции лингвистов и культурологов. Главное возражение против предоставления Ebonics особого школьного статуса – очень простое: дети, обучаемые на нем, так и не освоят стандартного английского, не смогут справляться с тестами, не впишутся в общество, говорящее стандартно, останутся социальными маргиналами, не преуспеют в жизни.
На тему Ebonics стали гадко пошучивать, изображая чернокожих американцев преступниками, наркоторговцами, тупыми, ленивыми, неамбициозными. Сексуально озабоченными, озлобленными, живущими только инстинктами. Безработными и сидящими на социальных пособиях. А попытки узаконить Ebonics в качестве языка обучения стали называть официальным признанием интеллектуальной недоразвитости его носителей. Так термин, который изначально был призван сплотить черных американцев, превратился в символ социальной и культурной деградации. Никакого особого статуса в школе Black English сейчас не имеет. К лучшему это или к худшему – спорят до сих пор.
МУЗЫКА ЕСТЬ, НО НЕ БЛАТНАЯ
Иностранцу понять афроамериканца может быть довольно трудно, особенно если этот последний не дает себе труда быть понятным. Понимает ли Black English рядовой американец? Настолько, насколько элементы «черного английского» проникают в общую речь через массовую культуру, брейк, хип—хоп и рэп. Настолько, насколько их доносит интернет, газеты и телевидение. Если белая культура переняла какое-то слово и сделала его своим – оно уже теряет смысл, не воспринимается как нечто таинственное. Значит, надо создавать новое. И оно создается, баланс поддерживается.
Таинственность речи, закрытость для непосвященных отнюдь не ставит Black English на одну доску с блатной феней. Хотя офеньский жаргон, в какой-то степени породивший ее, тоже основывался на принципе «чтобы всем остальным было непонятно». Воровской жаргон есть в любом языке, и в негритянском английском тоже. Но в большом афроамериканском английском выражает себя не маленькая преступная группа, а целая раса со своей историей, с культурным опытом, со всей своей тоской и любовью, счастьем, горем, жесткой жизненной правдой. На этом языке пишется проза и поэзия, среди которой встречаются замечательные книги. Например, написанная в 1982 году книга Элис Уокер (Alice Walker) The Сolor Purple получила Пулитцеровскую премию. Переводить Black English на стандартный английский – все равно что пересказывать стандартным литературным языком Бажова, Лескова, Шергина.
Владимир Жапов, журнал Иностранец
2009.10.11 | zаброда
WTF is yer Black English
Який сенс копіпейстити напівсирий ґуґльопереклад, самому його, мабуть, не читаючи у гілку? За це якісь премії дають, units абощо? Моє діло свиняче, проте маю право висловити подив, нє?
Хочете знати моєї думки? Black English - "тєма важная і актуальная", та не настільки, щоб тулити в гілку цілі сторінки з Вікі або ще звідкись, натомість дати лінки, а вже як тулити, то принаймні те, що можна читати, а не скалічений ґуґлєйшн із джерела ґатунку "рєхвєрати.ру". Нє, канєшно, бува, навєрно, обсесивно-компульсивний розлад у формі копіпейстинґу, але, він, як свідчить практика, таки банами лікується.
щоб так "авторитетно" мене вчити.
============
Адвокат ... має мінімум 1+, бо є одним з основоположників Майдану.
Йому я і прощаю деякі вольності, як "легіонеру".
А Вам?
Вибачте...
stryjko_bojko пише:
> як правмльно перекласти?
(ГП) Цe такий досить вульгарний слeнг, означає просто "мати сeкс." Можна пeрeкласти чимось типу "жіночки хочуть у люлю."
Відповіді
2008.02.18 | stefan
"still furry as hell"
we are very happy to announce the release of phpBB 2.0.23, the "still furry as hell" edition. This release addresses several bugfixes and some security ...----------
What means "still furry as hell"?
2008.02.18 | Георгій
It's a joke
The actual expression, borrowed from a tragedy by W. Congreve, is, "hell hath no fury like a woman scorned." British humorists transformed it into "hell hath no furry," and then all kinds of "furry hell" derivatives.2008.02.18 | Георгій
Ось тут точна цитата і пояснeння
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Congreve (see "Famous Lines")2008.02.19 | stefan
mercy Georgy
Георгій пише:> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Congreve (see "Famous Lines")
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mercy Georgy.
Who said "hell hath no fury like a woman scorned"?
An Insensitive Man
Dear Insensitive:
While many attribute the quote to William Shakespeare, it actually comes from a play called the "The Mourning Bride" (1697) by William Congreve. The complete quote is "Heaven has no rage like love to hatred turned / Nor hell a fury like a woman scorned."
Congreve (1670-1729) was an accomplished practitioner of the wit and cynicism made famous by his contemporaries Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope. His last play, "The Way of the World," (1700) is considered a classic of Restoration comedy.
The late 17th and early 18th century is often considered the golden age of satire. Writers took advantage of classical forms to cleverly castigate the royal and aristocratic classes. This was the era when the poet Alexander Pope could sum up his literary competition in a book entitled "The Dunciad," and Jonathan Swift modestly proposed solving the Irish famine by encouraging them to eat their own children.
Wikiquote hosts a great page of popular misattributions and misquotations. For example, despite popular belief, Tarzan never said "Me Tarzan You Jane," Bogart never said "Play it again, Sam," and Sergeant Friday never said "Just the facts, Ma'am." It's all true, honest!
http://ask.yahoo.com/20051108.html
2008.02.21 | Георгій
I think we need to support this thread
Even though the title of this forum is "Ukrayins'ka Mova," I believe we should have some ongoing discussion in English about English. It's worth it. It saddens me so much that I cannot share some interesting literature with many of the Maidan members because they cannot read it in its original English, and I do not have the time and, honestly, the special skills to translate. It's a bloody shame, IMHO, that our Ukrainian intellectual elite remains, by and large, not used to speaking and writing in English.2008.02.21 | Георгій
The Use and Non-Use of Articles (l.)
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/esl/eslart.html2008.02.21 | Георгій
Grammar, Punctuation, and Spelling (l.)
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/grammar/index.html2008.05.22 | stefan
English Idioms
English Idiomshttp://ozhs.ho.com.ua/forum/viewtopic.php?t=2114
An idiom is a phrase where the words together have a meaning that is different from the dictionary definitions of the individual words, which can make idioms hard for ESL students and learners to understand. Here, we provide a dictionary of 2,799 English idiomatic expressions with definitions.
If you have a question about idioms, ask us about it in our English Idioms and Sayings Forum. If you know of an idiom that you would like to be listed here, please use our online form to suggest an idiom.
149 Idioms Beginning With 'A'
~ A ~
A bit much
If something is excessive or annoying, it is a bit much.
A day late and a dollar short
(USA) If something is a day late and a dollar short, it is too little, too late.
A fool and his money are soon parted
This idiom means that people who aren't careful with their money spend it quickly. 'A fool and his money are easily parted' is an alternative form of the idiom.
A fool at 40 is a fool forever
If someone hasn't matured by the time they reach forty, they never will.
A little bird told me
If someone doesn't want to say where they got some information from, they can say that a little bird told them.
A little learning is a dangerous thing
A small amount of knowledge can cause people to think they are more expert than they really are.eg. he said he'd done a course on home electrics, but when he tried to mend my table lamp, he fused all the lights! I think a little learning is a dangerous thing
A lost ball in the high weeds
A lost ball in the high weeds is someone who does not know what they are doing, where they are or how to do something.
A OK
If things are A OK, they are absolutely fine.
A penny for your thoughts
This idiom is used as a way of asking someone what they are thinking about.
A penny saved is a penny earned
This means that we shouldn't spend or waste money, but try to save it.
A picture is worth a thousand words
A picture can often get a message across much better than the best verbal description.
A poor man's something
Something or someone that can be compared to something or someone else, but is not as good is a poor man's version; a writer who uses lots of puns but isn't very funny would be a poor man's Oscar Wilde.
A pretty penny
If something costs a pretty penny, it is very expensive.
A problem shared is a problem halved
If you talk about your problems, it will make you feel better.
A rising tide lifts all boats
This idiom, coined by John F Kennedy, describes the idea that when an economy is performing well, all people will benefit from it.
A rolling stone gathers no moss
People say this to mean that that a go-getter type person is more successful than a person not doing any thing.
A steal
If something is a steal, it costs much less than it is really worth.
A still tongue keeps a wise head
Wise people don't talk much.
A watched pot never boils
Some things work out in their own time, so being impatient and constantly checking will just make things seem longer.
A1
If something is A1, it is the very best or finest.
Abide by a decision
If you abide by a decision, you accept it and comply with it, even though you might disagree with it.
Abject lesson
(India) An abject lesson serves as a warning to others. (In some varieties of English 'object lesson' is used.)
About as useful as a chocolate teapot
Someone or something that is of no practical use is about as useful as a chocolate teapot.
About face
If someone changes their mind completely, this is an about face. It can be used when companies, governments, etc, change their position on an issue.
Above board
If things are done above board, they are carried out in a legal and proper manner.
Absence makes the heart grow fonder
This idiom means that when people are apart, their love grows stronger.
Accident waiting to happen
If something is an accident waiting to happen, there's definitely going to be an accident or it's bound to go wrong. ('Disaster waiting to happen' is also used.)
Ace up your sleeve
If you have an ace up your sleeve, you have something that will give you an advantage that other people don't know about.
Achilles' heel
A person's weak spot is their Achilles' heel.
Acid test
An acid test is something that proves whether something is good, effective, etc, or not.
Across the board
If something applies to everybody, it applies across the board.
Across the ditch
(NZ) This idiom means on the other side of the Tasman Sea, used to refer to Australia or New Zealand depending on the speaker's location.
Across the pond
(UK) This idiom means on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, used to refer to the US or the UK depending on the speaker's location.
Act of God
An act of God is something like an earthquake or floods that human beings cannot prevent or control.
Actions speak louder than words
This idiom means that what people actually do is more important than what they say- people can promise things but then fail to deliver.
Adam's apple
The Adam's apple is a bulge in the throat, mostly seen in men.
Add fuel to the fire
If people add fuel to the fire, they make a bad situation worse.
Add insult to injury
When people add insult to injury, they make a bad situation even worse.
After your own heart
A person after your own heart thinks the same way as you.
Against the clock
If you do something against the clock, you are rushed and have very little time to do it.
Against the grain
If doing something goes against the grain, you're unwilling to do it because it contradicts what you believe in, but you have no real choice.
Age before beauty
When this idiom is used, it is a way of allowing an older person to do something first, though often in a slightly sarcastic way.
Agony aunt
An agony aunt is a newspaper columnist who gives advice to people having problems, especially personal ones.
Ahead of the pack
If you are ahead of the pack, you have made more progress than your rivals.
Ahead of time
If something happens ahead of time, it happens early or before the set time.
Albatross around your neck
An albatross around, or round, your neck is a problem resulting from something you did that stops you from being successful.
Alike as two peas
If people or things are as alike as two peas, they are identical.
Alive and kicking
If something is active and doing well, it is alive and kicking. (It can be used for people too.)
All along
If you have known or suspected something all along, then you have felt this from the beginning.
All and sundry
This idiom is a way of emphasising 'all', like saying 'each and every one'.
All bark and no bite
When someone talks tough but really isn't, they are all bark and no bite.
All bark and no bite
Someone who talks a lot, but does nothing to back up their words-- like a dog that barks at strangers, but won't actually bite.
All bets are off
(USA) If all bets are off, then agreements that have been made no longer apply.
All ears
If someone says they're all ears, they are very interested in hearing about something.
All eyes on me
If all eyes are on someone, then everyone is paying attention to them.
All fingers and thumbs
If you're all fingers and thumbs, you are too excited or clumsy to do something properly that requires manual dexterity. 'All thumbs' is an alternative form of the idiom.
All hat, no cattle
(USA) When someone talks big, but cannot back it up, they are all hat, no cattle.('Big hat, no cattle' is also used.)
All heart
Someone who is all heart is very kind and generous.
All hell broke loose
When all hell breaks loose, there is chaos, confusion and trouble.
All in a day's work
If something is all in a day's work, it is nothing special.
All in your head
If something is all in your head, you have imagined it and it is not real.
All mod cons
If something has all mod cons, it has all the best and most desirable features. It is an abbreviation of 'modern convenience' that was used in house adverts.
All mouth and trousers
(UK) Someone who's all mouth and trousers talks or boasts a lot but doesn't deliver. 'All mouth and no trousers' is also used, though this is a corruption of the original.
All my eye and Peggy Martin
(UK) An idiom that appears to have gone out of use but was prevalent in the English north Midlands of Staffordshire, Cheshire and Derbyshire from at least the turn of the 20th century until the early 1950s or so. The idiom's meaning is literally something said or written that is unbelievable, rumor, over embellished, the result of malicious village gossip etc.
All of the above
This idiom can be used to mean everything that has been said or written, especially all the choices or possibilities.
All over the map
(USA) If something like a discussion is all over the map, it doesn't stick to the main topic and goes off on tangents.
All over the place
If something is completely disorganised or confused, it is all over the place.
All over the shop
If something is completely disorganised or confused, it is all over the shop.
All over the show
If something is all over the show, it's in a complete mess.An alternative to 'All over the shop'.
All roads lead to Rome
This means that there can be many different ways of doing something.
All set
If you're all set, you are ready for something.
All skin and bone
If a person is very underweight, they are all skin and bone, or bones.
All square
If something is all square, nobody has an advantage or is ahead of the others.
All talk and no trousers
(UK) Someone who is all talk and no trousers, talks about doing big, important things, but doesn't take any action.
All that glitters is not gold
This means that appearances can be deceptive and things that look or sound valuable can be worthless. ('All that glistens is not gold' is an alternative.)
All the rage
If something's all the rage, it is very popular or fashionable at the moment.
All the tea in China
If someone won't do something for all the tea in China, they won't do it no matter how much money they are offered.
All your eggs in one basket
If you put all your eggs in one basket, you risk everything at once, instead of trying to spread the risk. (This is often used as a negative imperative- 'Don't put all your eggs in one basket'. 'Have your eggs in one basket' is also used.)
All's fair in love and war
This idiom is used to say that where there is conflict, people can be expected to behave in a more vicious way.
All's well that ends well
If the end result is good, then everything is good.
All-singing, all-dancing
If something's all-singing, all-dancing, it is the latest version with the most up-to-date features.
Alter ego
An alter ego is a very close and intimate friend. It is a Latin phrase that literally means 'other self'.
Always a bridesmaid, never a bride
If someone is always a bridesmaid, never a bride, they never manage to fulfill their ambition- they get close, but never manage the recognition, etc, they crave.
Ambulance chaser
A lawyer who encourages people who have been in accidents or become ill to sue for compensation is an ambulance chaser.
Amen
Some use 'Amen' or 'Amen to that' as a way of agreeing with something that has just been said.
An apple a day keeps the doctor away
Eating healthy food keeps you healthy.
An old flame
An old flame is a person that somebody has had an emotional, usually passionate, relationship with, who is still looked on fondly and with affection.
An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure
This expression means that is is better to try to avoid problems in the first place, rather than trying to fix them once they arise.
And all that jazz
This idiom means that everything related or similar is included.
Angry as a bear
If someone is as angry as a bear, they are very angry.('Angry as a bear with a sore foot' is also used.)
Angry as a bull
If someone is as angry as a bull, they are very angry.
Answers on a postcard
This idiom can be used to suggest that the answer to something is very obvious or that the person would really like to hear what people think.
Ants in your pants
If someone has ants in their pants, they are agitated or excited about something and can't keep still.
Any port in a storm
This means that in an emergency any solution will do, even one that would normally be unacceptable.
Any Tom, Dick or Harry
If something could be done by any Tom, Dick or Harry, it could be done by absolutely anyone.
Apple of your eye
Something or, more often, someone that is very special to you is the 'apple of your' eye.
Apron strings
A man who is tied to a woman's apron strings is excessively dependent on her, especially when it is his mother's apron strings.
Argue the toss
(UK) If you argue the toss, you refuse to accept a decision and argue about it.
Arm and a leg
If something costs an arm and a leg, it is very expensive.
Armchair critic
An armchair critic is someone who offers advice but never shows that they could actually do any better.
Armed to the teeth
If people are armed to the teeth, they have lots of weapons.
Around the clock
If something is open around the clock, it is open 24 hours a day. For example, an airport is open around the clock.
Arrow in the quiver
An arrow in the quiver is a strategy or option that could be used to achieve your objective.
As a rule
If you do something as a rule, then you usually do it.
As cold as ice
This idiom can be used to describe a person who does not show any emotion.
As cold as stone
If something is as cold as stone, it is very cold. If a person is as cold as stone, they are unemotional.
As cool as a cucumber
If someone is as cool as a cucumber, they don't get worried by anything.
As mad as a hatter
This simile means that someone is crazy or behaves very strangely. In the past many people who made hats went insane because they had a lot of contact with mercury.
As much use as a chocolate fire-guard
A fire-guard is used in front of a fireplace for safety. A chocolate fire-guard is of no use. An alternative to 'As much use as a chocolate teapot'.
As much use as a chocolate teapot
Something that is as much use as a chocolate teapot is not useful at all.
As much use as a handbrake on a canoe
This idiom is used to describe someone or something as worthless or pointless.
As neat as a new pin
This idiom means tidy and clean.
As one man
If people do something as one man, then they do it at exactly the same time or in complete agreement.
As the actress said to the bishop
(UK) This idiom is used to highlight a sexual reference, deliberate or accidental.
As the crow flies
This idiom is used to describe the shortest possible distance between two places.
As you sow, so shall you reap
This means that if you do bad things to people, bad things will happen to you, or good things if you do good things.
Asleep at the switch
If someone is asleep at the switch, they are not doing their job or taking their responsibilities very carefully. 'Asleep at the wheel' is an alternative.
Asleep at the wheel
If someone is asleep at the wheel, they are not doing their job or taking their responsibilities very carefully. 'Asleep at the switch' is an alternative.
At a loose end
(UK) If you are at a loose end, you have spare time but don't know what to do with it.
At a snail's pace
If something moves at a snail's pace, it moves very slowly.
At arm's length
(India) If something is at arm's length, it is very close to you.
At arm's length
Keep somebody at arm's length means not allowing somebody to be become to friendly with you or close to you.
At cross purposes
When people are at cross purposes, they misunderstand each other or have different or opposing objectives.
At daggers drawn
If people are at daggers drawn, they are very angry and close to violence.
At death's door
If someone looks as if they are at death's door, they look seriously unwell and might actually be dying.
At each other's throats
If people are at each other's throats, they are fighting, arguing or competing ruthlessly.
At full tilt
If something is at full tilt, it is going or happening as fast or as hard as possible.
At large
If a criminal is at large, they have not been found or caught.
At loggerheads
If people are at loggerheads, they are arguing and can't agree on anything.
At loose ends
(USA) If you are at a loose end, you have spare time but don't know what to do with it.
At odds
If you are at odds with someone, you cannot agree with them and argue.
At sea
If things are at sea, or all at sea, they are disorganized and chaotic.
At the bottom of the totem pole
(USA) If someone is at the bottom of the totem pole, they are unimportant. Opposite is at the top of the totem pole.
At the coalface
If you work at the coalface, you deal with the real problems and issues, rather than sitting in a office discussing things in a detached way.
At the drop of a hat
If you would do something at the drop of a hat, you'd do it immediately.
At the end of the day
This is used to mean 'in conclusion' or 'when all is said and done'.
At the end of your rope
(USA) If you are at the end of your rope, you are at the limit of your patience or endurance.
At the end of your tether
(UK) If you are at the end of your tether, you are at the limit of your patience or endurance.
At the fore
In a leading position
At the top of my lungs
If you shout at the top of your lungs, you shout as loudly as you possibly can.
At the top of your voice
If you talk, shout or sing at the top of your voice, you do it as loudly as you can.
At your wit's end
If you're at your wit's end, you really don't know what you should do about something, no matter how hard you think about it.
At your wits' end
If you are at your wits' end, you have no idea what to do next and are very frustrated.
Average Joe
An average Joe is an ordinary person without anything exceptional about them.
Avowed intent
If someone makes a solemn or serious promise publicly to attempt to reach a certain goal, this is their avowed intent.
Away with the fairies
If someone is away with the fairies, they don't face reality and have unrealistic expectations of life.
Awe inspiring
Something or someone that is awe inspiring amazes people in a slightly frightening but positive way.
AWOL
AWOL stands for "Absent Without Leave", or "Absent Without Official Leave". Orignially a military term, it is used when someone has gone missing without telling anyone or asking for permission.
Axe to grind
If you have an axe to grind with someone or about something, you have a grievance, a resentment and you want to get revenge or sort it out. In American English, it is 'ax'.
2008.05.22 | Георгій
Щe трохи з "as good as..."
As good as it gets - meaning, fine, satisfactory, normal, not to worry about.As good as dead - meaning, useless, obsolete, something that can be thrown away.
2008.05.31 | stefan
This manicure should bring some good coin
manicure1. This manicure should bring some good coin — С этой очищенной марихуаны должен быть большой навар
2. Bruno never would manicure the stuff. Some people would buy it anyway — Бруно никогда не доводит марихуану до кондиции. Все равно найдутся люди, которые купят ее в неочищенном виде
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stuff [] 1. 1) а) материал, состав, вещество (из чего что-л. состоит) He is made of sterner stuff than his father. — У него более решительный характер, чем у его отца. б) материал, субстанция 2) материал для вязания (особенно шерсть) 3) а) дрянь, хлам, фигня Do you call this stuff butter? — Неужели вы называете эту дрянь маслом? This book is poor stuff. — Это никчёмная книжонка. Syn: rubbish 1. б) чепуха, болтовня 4) штука, штуковина (также универсальный гипероним) This is the sort of stuff to give them. — Только так и надо поступать с ними; они не заслуживают лучшего обращения. Apples, oranges, this kind of stuff. — Так, апельсины, яблоки, всякое такое. 5) а) ; = doctor's stuff состав, лекарство (о порошках, микстурах; особенно самодельных) ...>> stuff [] (mainly ) 1) to pack or fill completely; cram ...>> stuff I 1) She leaves her stuff knocking ...>> stuff - and stuff - doctor's stuff ...>> stuff согласовывать скорость передачи данных stuff 1) вещество 2) материал ...>> stuff 1) материал; вещество 2) сырьё; полуфабрикат ...>> stuff материал; вещество - fatigue stuff - food stuff stuff 1) материал; вещество 2) набивка; наполнитель || ...>> stuff 1) вещество; материал 2) раствор для штукатурки ...>> stuff материал; вещество - loose stuff stuff 1) вещество 2) масса 3) материал ...>>
2008.09.26 | stryjko_bojko
Pennsylvannia or Pennsylvania?
Friday, September 26, 2008
Pennsylvannia Court Rejects Idea of a Single-Sex Divorce
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950CEEDD1F38F936A25756C0A962948260&scp=1&sq=Pennsylvannia&st=cse
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Pennsylvania-ABBYY Lingvo12
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Administrative divisions:
50 states and 1 district*; Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia*, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming
Dependent areas:
American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island
note: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; it entered into a political relationship with all four political units: the Northern Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21 October 1986); the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 1 October 1994)
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html#Geo
?
2008.09.26 | Георгій
Pennsylvania
2008.09.26 | Георгій
Вимова іншомовних слів амeриканцями - місцeві особливості
У штаті Кeнтуккі є вeликe місто, якe звeться Louisville. Місцeві житeлі вимовляють його назву "Луївілл." У штаті Місісіпі тeж є місто Louisville (правда нe такe вeликe, як кeнтуккійськe), алe місцeві житeлі вимовляють цe тільки як "Луісвілл." Якщо хтось називає їх місто Луївілл, вони нeодмінно виправлять.У півдeнній Каліфорнії є місто Cан-Дієго, північна околиця якого називається La Jolla (Ла Хойя - так дійсно правильно вимовляти цю назву, тому що в іспанській мові подвійнe "л" пeрeд голосною вимовляється як "й"). Алe в північному Тeхасі є місто Amarillo, і всі місцeві житeлі, окрім пeршого покоління імігрантів з Мeксики, називають його "Амарілло," а нe "Амарійо."
Такі дива...
2008.09.26 | stryjko_bojko
пане Георгій, я не про вимову, вона в кожній місцевості, всюди,
Георгій пише:> Такі дива...
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не тільки в ЗСА, має свої особливості.
Я давав цитування з офіційних джерел...
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???
2008.10.05 | Orysia
Re: Вимова іншомовних слів амeриканцями - місцeві особливості
Ні, не Ла Хоя, а Ла Гоя! так само як не Хілларі а Гілларі, і гат доґ не хат дог, і паки пакиіснyє бyква Г = H
бyдь ласка, слyхайте тих, які знають і розмовляють англ. мовою
інакше, виходить на сміх, а то і сміховище - translations from hell (not KHell, not Gell, but Hell)
2009.06.20 | Пан Коцький
Не зовсім так...
Orysia пише:> Ні, не Ла Хоя, а Ла Гоя! так само як не Хілларі а Гілларі, і гат доґ не хат дог, і паки паки
>
> існyє бyква Г = H
>
> бyдь ласка, слyхайте тих, які знають і розмовляють англ. мовою
>
> інакше, виходить на сміх, а то і сміховище - translations from hell (not KHell, not Gell, but Hell)
Англомовні у слові La Jolla дійсно вимовляють звук [h], але в стандартній еспанській вимові там насправді вимовляється звук [x]. Щодо самих мексиканців (та латиноамериканців загалом), то деякі з них вимовляють [h], а деякі [x]...
Хоча правило про "h" = "г" пасує добре до англійської, німецької, голандської та багатьох инших мов, воно автоматично не поширюється на всі мови. Наприклад, хорвати вживають літеру "h" для позначення звуку [x], так само, як і болгари з македонцями в транслітерації латинкою. Те саме стосується стандартної китайської записаною латинкою pinyin (себто китайська провінція 湖南, що пишеться латинкою як Húnán, є насправді Хунань а не Гунань, як я колись побачив у якійсь ґазеті)...
2009.06.20 | Сергій Вакуленко
Навіть до польської не пасує
Пан Коцький пише:> Хоча правило про "h" = "г" пасує добре до англійської, німецької, голандської та багатьох инших мов, воно автоматично не поширюється на всі мови.
У германських мовах [h] = [г], але знеголошеному.
Зі слов'янських чеська та словацька мають "нормальне" майже укр. [г] й записують його як h.
У польській історично теж так було, але тепер літеру h та сполуку літер ch вони вимовляють однаково: як [х]. Через те пол. chart ‘хорт’ і hart ‘гарт’ на слух не розрізнити.
З власними назвами виникає проблема: чи орієнтуватися на етимологію, чи на звучання? Є, приміром, у Варшаві вулиця Hoża: то вона Гожа чи Хожа? А ще там є вулиця Huculska...
2009.06.21 | Георгій
Re: Не зовсім так...
Дякую, панe Коцький!Гамeриканці в принципі нe здатні вимовити звук "х." Тому в них і eспанський Хуан став Уаном.
2009.06.21 | Георгій
Re: Вимова іншомовних слів амeриканцями - місцeві особливості
Так, пані Орисю, дякую за виправлeння. Ви маєтe рацію: англомовні люди дійсно вимовляють Ла Гойя, з дихальним [h].2008.10.05 | Orysia
Re: English
LanguAge2008.11.30 | stryjko_bojko
fuck
fuckFuck is an English word that, as a verb, means "to have sexual intercourse". It is also a verb that means "to be cheated" ("I got fucked by a scam artist"). As a noun it may describe a contemptible person (also fucker) or a sexual partner. It can be used as an interjection, and its participle fucking is sometimes used as a strong emphatic. The verb to fuck may be used transitively or intransitively, and it appears in compounds, including fuck off, fuck up, and fuck with. In less explicit usages (but still regarded as vulgar), fuck can mean to mess around, or to deal with unfairly or harshly. In a phrase such as "don't give a fuck", the word is the equivalent of "damn", in the sense of something having little value. In "what the fuck", it serves merely as an intensive.
The word's use is considered obscene in polite circles, but may be common in informal and domestic situations. It is unclear whether the word has always been considered vulgar, and if not, when it first came to be used to describe (often in an extremely angry, hostile or belligerent manner) unpleasant circumstances or people in an intentionally offensive way, such as in the term motherfucker, one of its more common usages in some parts of the English-speaking world.
Etymology
The Oxford English Dictionary states that the ultimate etymology is uncertain, but that the word is "probably cognate" with a number of native Germanic words with meanings involving striking, rubbing, and having sex.[1]
Flen flyys and freris
The usually accepted first known occurrence is in code in a poem in a mixture of Latin and English composed some time before 1500. The poem, which satirizes the Carmelite friars of Cambridge, England, takes its title, "Flen flyys", from the first words of its opening line, Flen, flyys, and freris (= "Fleas, flies, and friars"). The line that contains fuck reads Non sunt in coeli, quia gxddbov xxkxzt pg ifmk. Removing the substitution cipher[2] on the phrase "gxddbov xxkxzt pg ifmk" yields non sunt in coeli, quia fvccant vvivys of heli, which translated means, "They are not in heaven because they fuck wives of Ely" (fvccant is a false Latin form).[3] The phrase was coded likely because it accused some Church personnel of misbehaving; it is uncertain to what extent the word fuck was considered acceptable at the time.
John le Fucker
A man's name "John le Fucker" is said to be reported from AD 1278, but the report is doubtful: an email discussion on Linguist List says:
This name has been exhaustively argued over ... The "John le Fucker" reference first appears in Carl Buck's 1949 Indo-European dictionary. Buck does not supply a citation as to where he found the name. No one has subsequently found the manuscript in which it is alleged to have appeared. If the citation is genuine and not an error, it is most likely a spelling variant of "fulcher", meaning soldier.[4]
Anglo-Saxon
An Anglo-Saxon charter[5][6] granted by Offa, king of Mercia, dated AD 772, granting land at Bexhill, Sussex to a bishop, includes the text:
Þonne syndon þa gauolland þas utlandes into Bexlea in hiis locis qui appellantur hiis nominibus: on Berna hornan .iii. hida, on Wyrtlesham .i., on Ibbanhyrste .i., on Croghyrste .viii., on Hrigce .i., on Gyllingan .ii., on Fuccerham 7 and on Blacanbrocan .i., on Ikelesham .iii.;
Then the tax-lands of the outland belonging to Bexley are in these places which are called by these names: at Barnhorne 3 hides, at Wyrtlesham [Worsham farm near Bexhill ] 1, at Ibbanhyrst 1, at Crowhurst 8, at (Rye? The ridge north of Hastings?) 1, at Gillingham 2, at Fuccerham and at Blackbrook [may be Black Brooks in Westfield village just north of Hastings ] 1, at Icklesham 3.
The placename Fuccerham looks like either "the home (hām) of the fucker or fuckers" or "the enclosed pasture (hamm) of the fucker or fuckers", who may have been a once-notorious man, or a locally well-known stud male animal, or a group of such.[citation needed]
Older etymology
Via Germanic
The word fuck has probable cognates in other Germanic languages, such as German ficken (to fuck); Dutch fokken (to strike, to beget); dialectal Norwegian fukka (to copulate), and dialectal Swedish fokka (to strike, to copulate) and fock (penis).[1]
This points to a possible etymology where Common Germanic fuk– comes from an Indo-European root meaning "to strike", cognate with non-Germanic words such as Latin pugnus "fist".[1] By reverse application of Grimm's law, this hypothetical root has the form *pug–.[citation needed] In early Proto-Germanic the word was likely used at first as a slang or euphemistic replacement for an older word for intercourse, and then became the usual word for intercourse.[citation needed]
The original Indo-European root for to copulate is likely to be * h3yebh– or *h3eybh–, which is attested in Sanskrit यभति (yabhati), Russian ебать (yebat'), Polish jebać, and Serbian jebati, among others: compare the Greek verb οἴφω (oíphō) = "I have sex with", and the Greek noun Ζέφυρος (Zéphyros) (which references a Greek belief that the west wind Zephyrus caused pregnancy).
Via Latin or Greek
* Other possible connections are to Latin fūtuere (almost exactly the same meaning as the English verb "to fuck"); but it would have to be explained how the word reached Scandinavia from Roman contact, and how the t became k.[citation needed] From fūtuere came French foutre, Catalan fotre, Italian fottere, Romanian futere, vulgar peninsular Spanish follar and joder, and Portuguese foder. However, there is considerable doubt and no clear lineage for these derivations. These roots, even if cognates, are not the original Indo-European word for to copulate, but Wayland Young (who agrees that these words are related) argues that they derive from the Indo-European *bhu– or *bhug– ("be", "become"), or as causative "create" [see Young, 1964]. A possible intermediate might be a Latin 4th-declension verbal noun *fūtus, with possible meanings including "act of (pro)creating".
* A derivation from Latin facere = "to do", "to make" has been suggested.[citation needed]
* Greek phyō (φυω) has various meanings, including (of a man) "to beget", or (of a woman), "to give birth to".[7] Its perfect tense pephyka (πεφυκα) can be likened to "fuck" and its equivalents in other Germanic languages.[citation needed]
False etymologies
One reason that the word fuck is so hard to trace etymologically is that it was used far more extensively in common speech than in easily traceable written forms.
There are several urban-legend false etymologies postulating an acronymic origin for the word. None of these acronyms were ever heard before the 1960s, according to the authoritative lexicographical work The F-Word, and thus are backronyms. In any event, the word fuck has been in use far too long for some of these supposed origins to be possible. Some of these urban legends are:
* That the word fuck came from Irish law. If a couple were caught committing adultery, they would be punished "For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge In the Nude", with "FUCKIN" written on the stocks above them to denote the crime.
* That it came from any of:
o "Fornication Under Carnal/Cardinal Knowledge"
o "Fornication Under [the] Control/Consent/Command of the King"
o "Fornication Under the Christian King"
o "False Use of Carnal Knowledge"
o "Felonious Use of Carnal Knowledge"
o "Felonious Unlawful Carnal Knowledge"
o "Full-On Unlawful Carnal Knowledge"
o "For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge"
o "Found Under Carnal Knowledge"
o "Found Unlawful Carnal Knowledge"
o "Forced Unlawful Carnal Knowledge", referring to the crime of rape.
Usage history
Main article: History of the word 'fuck'
Early usage
Its first known use as a verb meaning to have sexual intercourse is in "Flen flyys", written around 1475.
William Dunbar's 1503 poem "Brash of Wowing" includes the lines: "Yit be his feiris he wald haue fukkit: / Ye brek my hairt, my bony ane" (ll. 13–14).
Some time around 1600, before the term acquired its current meaning, windfucker was an acceptable name for the bird now known as the kestrel[citation needed].
While Shakespeare never used the term explicitly; he hinted at it in comic scenes in a few plays. The Merry Wives of Windsor (IV.i) contains the expression focative case (see vocative case). In Henry V (IV.iv), Pistol threatens to firk (strike) a soldier, a euphemism for fuck. Also in Henry V Princess Katherine asks her waiting maid (III.4, in French) how one says "pied" in English, and is told in reply that the English word is "foot". This embarrasses the Princess because foot is pronounced the same as French "foutre", meaning fuck.
Rise of modern usage
Though it appeared in John Ash's 1775 A New and Complete Dictionary, listed as "low" and "vulgar", and appearing with several definitions[8], Fuck did not appear in any widely-consulted dictionary of the English language from 1795 to 1965. Its first appearance in the Oxford English Dictionary (along with the word cunt) was in 1972. There is anecdotal evidence of its use during the American Civil War.[citation needed]
In 1928, D. H. Lawrence's novel Lady Chatterley's Lover gained notoriety for its frequent use of the words fuck, fucked, and fucking.
Perhaps the earliest usage of the word in popular music was the 1938 Eddy Duchin release of the Louis Armstrong song "Ol' Man Mose". The words created a scandal at the time, resulting in sales of 170,000 copies during the Great Depression years when sales of 20,000 were considered blockbuster. The verse reads:
(We believe) He kicked the bucket,
(We believe) Yeah man, buck-buck-bucket,
(We believe) He kicked the bucket and ol' man mose is dead,
(We believe) Ahh, fuck it!
(We believe) Buck-buck-bucket,
(We believe) He kicked the bucket and ol' man mose is dead.
The liberal usage of the word (and other vulgarisms) by certain artists (such as James Joyce, Henry Miller, Lenny Bruce, Peter Cook and Dudley Moore, in their Derek and Clive personas) has led to the banning of their works and criminal charges of obscenity.
After Norman Mailer's publishers convinced him to bowdlerize fuck as fug in his work The Naked and the Dead (1948), Tallulah Bankhead supposedly greeted him with the quip, "So you're the young man who can't spell fuck." In fact, according to Mailer, the quip was devised by Bankhead's PR man. He and Bankhead didn't meet until 1966 and did not discuss the word then. The rock group The Fugs named themselves after the Mailer euphemism.
The science fiction novel That Hideous Strength (1945), by C.S. Lewis, includes lines of dialog with the word bucking used the same way as fugging would be in Mailer's novel, published three years later.
In his novel Ulysses (1922), James Joyce used a sly spelling pun for fuck (and cunt as well) with the doggerel verse:
If you see Kay,
Tell him he may.
See you in tea,
Tell him from me.
Memphis Slim had a melancholy blues about lost love entitled "If You See Kay".
The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger featured an early use of fuck you in print. First published in the United States in 1951, the novel remains controversial to this day due to its use of the word, standing at number 13 for the most banned books from 1990–2000 according to the American Library Association.[9] The book offers a blunt portrayal of the main character's reaction to the existence of the word, and all that it means.
The Australian vaudeville comedian Roy Rene once had a comedy 'skit' where he would act with another person and would write the letter 'F' on a blackboard (on stage) and then ask his co-actor: 'What letter do you see' to which he would reply: 'K'. Mo would then say: 'Why is it that whenever I write F you see K?'
One of the earliest mainstream Hollywood movies to use the word fuck was director Robert Altman's irreverent antiwar film, MASH, released in 1970 at the height of the Vietnam War. During the football game sequence about three-quarters of the way through the film, one of the MASH linemen says to an 8063rd offensive player, "All right, bud, your fuckin' head is coming right off." Also, former Beatle John Lennon's 1971 release "Working Class Hero" featured use of the word, which was rare in music at the time and caused it to, at most, be played only in segments on the radio. In 2007, some 36 years later, Green Day did a cover of Lennon's song, which was censored for radio airplay, with the "Ph.." sound being audible but then phased out.
Former Saturday Night Live cast member Charles Rocket uttered the vulgarity in one of the earliest instances of its use on television, during a 1980 episode of the show, for which he was subsequently fired.[10] [11]
The word was used in the 2003 film Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World by a fictional whaler describing pirates who burned his ship in 1802. The word is used occasionally in the Aubrey–Maturin series of novels of Patrick O'Brian, on which the film is based.[12]
Comedian George Carlin once commented that the word fuck ought to be considered more appropriate, because of its implications of love and reproduction, than the violence exhibited in many movies. He humorously suggested replacing the word kill with the word fuck in his comedy routine, such as in an old movie western: "Okay, sheriff, we're gonna fuck you, now. But we're gonna fuck you slow..." Or, perhaps in reference to a murderer: "Mad Fucker on the Loose", or even the murderer himself: "Stop me before I fuck again!" More popularly published is his famous "Filthy Words" routine, better known as "Seven Words You Can Never Say On Television."
Use in politics
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Fuck is not widely used in politics, and any use by notable politicians tends to produce controversy. Some events of this nature include:
* In 1965, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson said to the Greek ambassador Alexandros Matsas when he objected to American plans in Cyprus, "Fuck your parliament and your constitution. America is an elephant. Cyprus is a flea. Greece is a flea. If these two fellows continue itching the elephant they may just get whacked by the elephant's trunk, whacked good."[4]
* During the 1968 Democratic National Convention, Chicago mayor Richard Daley became so enraged by a speech from Abraham A. Ribicoff that he shouted "Fuck you, you Jew motherfucker!"[13] Daley would later claim that he was shouting "you fink, you" and calling Ribicoff a "faker".[14]
* During debate in February 1971 in the Canadian House of Commons, Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau mouthed the words "fuck off" under his breath (perhaps almost silently) at Conservative MP John Lundrigan, while Lundrigan made some comments about unemployment. Afterward, when asked by a television reporter what he had been thinking, Mr. Trudeau famously replied "What is the nature of your thoughts, gentlemen, when you say 'fuddle duddle' or something like that?". "Fuddle duddle" consequently became a catchphrase in Canadian media associated with Trudeau.[15]
* The first accepted modern use in the British House of Commons came in 1982 when Reg Race, Labour MP for Wood Green, referred to adverts placed in local newsagents by prostitutes which read "Phone them and fuck them". Hansard, the full record of debates, printed "F*** them", but even this euphemism was deprecated by the Speaker, George Thomas.
* Shortly after Tony Blair was elected Leader of the Labour Party, the then left-wing Labour MP George Galloway told a public meeting "I don't give a fuck what Tony Blair thinks" when questioned about the party's move to the right.
* A famous British usage of fuck comes from a 2001/2002 scandal at the Department of Transport, Local Government and the Regions, while Stephen Byers was the Minister. His press officer, Jo Moore, sent an email after the September 11, 2001 attacks suggesting it would be "a good day to bury bad news". As the scandal unravelled, Permanent Secretary to the Department, Sir Richard Mottram was widely reported to have said "We're all fucked. I'm fucked. You're fucked. The whole department is fucked. It's the biggest cock-up ever and we're all completely fucked." To British ears this was particularly amusing coming from someone so senior in the civil service.
* In late 2003, US presidential candidate Senator John Kerry used the word fuck in an interview with Rolling Stone. Referring to his vote in favor of the resolution authorizing President George W. Bush to use military force in Iraq, Senator John Kerry stated, "I voted for what I thought was best for the country. Did I expect Howard Dean to go off to the left and say, 'I'm against everything'? Sure. Did I expect George Bush to fuck it up as badly as he did? I don't think anybody did."[16]
* In June 2004, United States Vice President Dick Cheney replied to criticism about Halliburton's role in the reconstruction of Iraq from Democratic senator Patrick Leahy with "fuck yourself". The media, and opposition parties were very quick to highlight the White House's stance on obscenities uttered in this manner, quoting their reaction to a similar outburst by John Kerry in December 2003. Ironically, Cheney's outburst occurred on the same day that the Defense of Decency Act was passed in the Senate.
* In June 2004, U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney told Senator Patrick Leahy to either "fuck off" or "go fuck yourself" during an exchange on the floor of the Senate,[17] to which Patrick Leahy cried foul.
* In February 2005, British media chief Alastair Campbell accidentally sent the email "Just spoke to trev. think tbwa shd give statement to newsnight saying party and agency work together well and nobody here has spoken to standard. Posters done by tbwa according to political brief. Now fuck off and cover something important you twats!" to the Newsnight journalist Andrew McFadyen, instead of a party official. Trev. refers to Trevor Beattie the boss of TBWA.
* In February 2006 (Australia), New South Wales Premier Morris Iemma, while awaiting the start of a Council of Australian Governments media conference in Canberra, was chatting to Victorian Premier Steve Bracks. Not realizing cameras were operating he was recorded as saying "Today? This fuckwit who's the new CEO of the Cross City Tunnel has ... been saying what controversy? There is no controversy."[18] The exchange referred to the newly appointed CEO of a recently-opened toll road within Sydney.
* On January 31, 2007, former New York Governor Eliot Spitzer angrily retorted to Assembly Minority Leader James Tedisco, "Listen, I'm a fucking steamroller, and I'll roll over you and anybody else." According to The New York Post, Spitzer confirmed the exchange the following day.[19]
* In April 2007, New Zealand Education Minister Steve Maharey said "fuck you" to a fellow MP during parliamentary question time.[20] He apologized shortly afterwards.
Use in marketing
In April 1997, clothing retailer French Connection began branding their clothes "fcuk" (usually written in lowercase). Though they insisted it was an acronym for French Connection United Kingdom, its similarity to the word "fuck" caused controversy.[21] French Connection fully exploited this and produced an extremely popular range of t-shirts with messages such as "fcuk this", "hot as fcuk", "mile high fcuk", "fcuk me", "too busy to fcuk", "fcuk football", "fcuk fashion", "fcuk fear", "fcuk on the beach", "the joy of fcuk", etc.
Freedom of expression
In 1971, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that the mere public display of fuck is protected under the First and Fourteenth Amendments and cannot be made a criminal offense. In 1968, Paul Robert Cohen had been convicted of "disturbing the peace" for wearing a jacket with "FUCK THE DRAFT" on it (in reference to conscription in the Vietnam War). The conviction was upheld by the Court of Appeals and overturned by the Supreme Court. Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15 (1971).
In 1983, pornographer Larry Flynt, representing himself before the U.S. Supreme Court in a libel case, shouted, "Fuck this court!" during the proceedings, and then called the justices "nothing but eight assholes and a token cunt" (referring to Justice Sandra Day O'Connor). Chief Justice Warren E. Burger had him arrested for contempt of court, but the charge was later dismissed on a technicality.[22]
Use in public media
In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) fines stations for the broadcast of "indecent language", but in 2003 the agency's enforcement bureau ruled that the airing of the statement "This is really, really fucking brilliant!" by U2 member Bono after receiving a Golden Globe Award was neither obscene nor indecent. As U.S. broadcast indecency regulation only extends to depictions or descriptions of sexual or excretory functions, Bono's use of the word as a mere intensifier was not covered.
In early 2004, the full Commission reversed the bureau ruling, in an order that stated that "the F-word is one of the most vulgar, graphic and explicit descriptions of sexual activity in the English language"; a fine, however, has yet to result. Notwithstanding widespread usage and linguistic analysis to the contrary, the reversal was premised on the conclusion that the word fuck has always referred to sexual activity, a claim that the FCC neither explained nor supported with evidence. Even on cable television, which is not regulated by the FCC, few channels in the United States will broadcast the word fuck due to fear of backlash from advertisers or the FCC.
The first occurrence of "fuck" being spoken on British television was on 13 November 1965 when Kenneth Tynan said, during a live debate on the satirical BBC show BBC3, "I doubt if there are any rational people to whom the word 'fuck' would be particularly diabolical, revolting or totally forbidden." This resulted in the BBC having to make a formal apology. It also instigated four House of Commons motions and a letter to the Queen signed by 133 Labour and Tory MPs. It also prompted morality campaigner Mary Whitehouse, to comment that Tynan "ought to have his bottom smacked".[23][24]
The British television show T.F.I Friday officially stood for "Thank Four It's Friday" (the reference to Four being Channel Four on which the show was broadcast). However, it was widely understood in fact to stand for "Thank Fuck It's Friday"; it has been suggested that it would have been broadcast with that title had it not been decided to broadcast it before the watershed. The show also holds the record for the most frequent use of the word fuck to a pre-watershed audience, owing to guest Shaun Ryder using the word 9 times whilst impersonating the Sex Pistols' Johnny Rotten, despite the best efforts of Channel 4. Ryder is now the only person to appear by name in the Channel 4 policy document.[25] The show inspired another show named O.F.I Sunday, or "Oh Fuck It's Sunday". Although for decades the word was widely considered taboo on British television, at most only appearing in late night programmes and films on secondary channels BBC Two and Channel Four, and even then edited or faded out on occasion; by 2006 there appear to be few limitations on the use of the word after the 9pm watershed, and it is commonly used.
In 2004, the word reached a musical milestone when the song "Fuck It (I Don't Want You Back)" by pop singer Eamon became the first song with an expletive in its title to enter the top 20 on the Billboard charts.
Band names
The word "fuck" has been used in a number of band names, generally based on common compounds. Although most of these bands are in the aggressive, non-mainstream genres of punk and metal, e.g. Fucked Up, Fuck... I'm Dead, Fuck the Facts, and The Fucking Champs; bands like Holy Fuck, Fuck, and the Fuck Buttons fall into the categories of more accessible forms of electronic rock and pop.[26]
Holy fuck
"Holy fuck" is a widely used example of 'liturgical profanity' used interjectionally to express anger, contempt, disgust, or amazement. Usually vulgar.[27] Noted by academics [28][29] and used in literature [30][31][32], deriving its power from a combination of the sacred, holy, and the profane, fuck. An exclamation, similar to "holy shit!", but more offensive, also used informally for sex within a religious context.[dubious – discuss] [33]
It is notably used for its shock value in the mainstream movie Notting Hill starring Julia Roberts and Hugh Grant.[34][35]
Occurrence in machine mistranslations
The word fuck occurs sometimes in Chinese/English bilingual public notices in China as a machine translation of the Simplified Chinese character 干 which can also mean "dry" and "do", e.g. "spread to fuck the fruit" for "loose dried fruit" and "fuck the certain price of goods" for "dry foods price counter". The fault occurred in some versions of commonly-used Chinese to English machine translators, for example Jinshan (金山 = "Gold Mountain") and Kingsoft.[36]
Common alternatives
Main article: Minced oath
In conversation or writing, reference to or use of the word fuck may be replaced by any of a large list of alternative words or phrases, including "the F-word" or "the F-Bomb" (a play on A-Bomb / H-Bomb), or simply, "eff" (as in "What the eff!" or "You eff-ing fool!"). In addition, there are many commonly used substitutes, such as flipping, frigging, fricking, freaking, feck, fudge or any of a number of similar sounding nonsense words. In print, there are alternatives such as, "F***", "F – – k", etc.; or the use of a string of non-alphanumeric characters, for example, "@$#*%!" and similar (especially favored in comic books).
A common replacement word used mainly on the internet is fsck, derived from the name of the Unix file system checking utility.[37] In Battlestar Galactica the bowdlerized form 'Frack' (spelt 'Frak' in the reimagined 2003 version) was used as a substitute for fuck. The word is sometimes jokingly used as a curse by fans and occasionally referenced in other series that appeal to a similar demographic. [38]
Other languages
The word fuck is touted to be one of the few 'universal' words that can be uttered in any country in the world and yet be understood by anyone[citation needed]. Even so, different countries do have their own versions.
Afrikaans
In Afrikaans, the slang word fok has been adopted as an Afrikaans equivalent of fuck (and fokkof as "fuck off"), due to the influence of English media and language in South Africa. Coincidentally, the Afrikaans word neuk, which resembles the Dutch neuken, is used in the context of to strike.
Arabic
The pronunciation of the word fuck literally means jaw in Arabic. Arabs use a few words that have the same meaning as fuck, with most of them being country or region specific and not widely used by all Arabs or even the official Arabic language at all."Yoaasher" or "Yodaej" are official Arabic words that literally mean "to fuck with", as in "to have sex with someone".
Catalan
The translation for "fuck" in Catalan, the verb fotre, could allow a Catalan speaker to use few more verbs and still be understood. It can replace up to thirty verbs, including fer (do),[39] which followed by the proper noun can replace even more verbs, for example: fer/fotre un dibuix can be used instead of dibuixar (draw).
Chinese languages
The Shanghainese verb and adjective 发格 fage (which treated as Chinese means "sends the standard") is derived from the English "fuck" and is used in the exasperated context of things or people "fucking up" or "being difficult." Although fage is often used pejoratively, the term has lost its sexual connotations. In Cantonese, the slang word 屌 diǎo is used in a similar way as the English word "fuck." Similar terms in Mandarin are 肏 cào (sometimes written 操), 幹 (simplified 干) gàn, and 搞 gǎo, the latter used more commonly in Taiwan.
Dutch
In Dutch, the cognate fokken means "to breed". In the past fokken was sometimes used to indicate sexual intercourse, but this is no longer the case. The literal translation of English "fuck" is neuken, and naaien (literally, "to sew") is a milder form roughly equivalent to "screw". The equivalent of "fucking" used as an all-purpose meaningless expletive is kut (kut can be translated as "cunt").
Recently a slang word "modderfokker" (literally: "one who breeds mud") has developed in imitation of English "motherfucker".
French
In French, the word for seal (the animal) is phoque; the word for foresail is foc. Their pronunciation in French resembles that of the word fuck in English. In France, phoque or foc sounds like the British pronunciation of fuck while in Quebec French, they sound like the North American English pronunciation, due to regional influences (although this actually is coincidental, and neither term has any relation to the English word). As well, the English term has been adopted as the adjective fucké, a slang term commonly used in Quebec French to describe something that is broken or off-kilter, or someone who is not in their right mind. It is not considered particularly offensive.
In Quebec, the French word tabernacle, meaning the church tabernacle, is often used in the same way as fuck in English, except in sexual-related usage. It is only used as interjection, noun or adverb. Other Québécois-French swear words (which are primarily of clergical origin) such as Christ, calice (chalice) and hostie (communion wafer or host) are much more versatile, particularly when used in combination. Although commonly used, these terms are considered much worse since they are blasphemous, rather than merely vulgar (the words would be comparable to the use of goddammit in the English language). They are widely used as the only remaining part of the backlash against the domination of Quebec society by the Roman Catholic church, which lasted until the "Quiet Revolution" of the 1960s.
Note that in Quebec French, English swearwords such as "shit" (or the French equivalent, merde) and "fuck" are considered to be much less offensive than if used in the same context for an English speaking person, since they are merely vulgar, or crude, and not blasphemous.
The French word foutre is an approximate translation to "fuck". It was commonly used as an interjection during the French Revolution, and often printed in some newspapers of this period. It is now mainly used in the passive participle adjectival form foutu(e) = "fucked".
German
The word "to fuck" literally translates as ficken, but the force of "fuck" usually equates with Scheiße (shit), or Mist (crap or manure). Nonetheless the exclamation "fuck" itself has been borrowed into German as a swear word and is in occasional to frequent use among some (especially younger) Germans. Ficken is used much in the same way to fuck is used in English and has a pronounced vulgar meaning for other (especially older) speakers.
Official censorship for language, as known from the United States, is virtually unknown and voluntary "self-censorship" is far less common in German. The using of alternative expressions like "the F word" is not practised.
In the German language there are germanized forms of the word, like the pseudo-anglicism abgefuckt "fucked up". German as a language, especially in colloquial and often young slang, borrows deeply from English, including a limited number of English swear words; the two most common examples are fuck and shit (although North German Schiete also means "shit", but is not a loan word). Scheiße is fairly well understood as an expletive among English speakers, although often mis-pronounced with medial [z] instead of [s].
The verb ficken is historically used also in a non-sexual context, but still is related to friction. Examples include:
* ein Schwert ficken: the process of cleaning Slag, Tinder and Ash off a Sword's blade after blacksmithing it; this is done by hanging a Sandbag from the ceiling, lancing the blade through it and then quickly moving the sword back and forth until the blade is clean
More recently, the abbreviation FAQ has been used on German websites and forums, for example on the German wikipedia subsite. The pronunciation is not clearly defined: each letter can be pronounced separately or as one syllable (/fak/, which is similar to the English pronunciation of fuck). To avoid confusion regarding the abbreviation in itself, the acronym FAQ is often changed into the full term "Frequently Asked Questions" or into the literal German translation "Häufig gestellte Fragen" in formal everyday speech.
Interlingua
The English fuck can be used in Interlingua, given its widespread, international use. The actual Interlingua words for to fuck, however, are fottar and futuer.
Japanese
Japanese has the word fakku (ファック, fakku?). The term is a foreign loan from English, but the pronunciation has been adapted to the Japanese phonology. Semantic usage is not as broad as English as it is only used as a slang term for sexual intercourse.[40]
Korean
The Korean Language has the word ssibal (씨발), ssipal (씨팔) which loosely means "to have sexual intercourse with".
Norwegian
In Norwegian, the word fokk means either foresail or something that gets blown in strong wind; drifting snow (snøfokk), or streaks of foam and spray at sea.[41] A Norwegian expletive which is somewhat analogous to the English fuck is the word faen. This is short for fanden, a Norwegian word for the devil.[42] Knulle or pule is the most vulgar Norwegian colloquialism describing sexual intercourse.
Swedish
In Swedish, the morpheme fack is pronounced almost identically to the English fuck, and means a box or compartment, for example a letterbox for internal mail. As a prefix, the morpheme fack refers to something pertaining to a certain trade or profession, for example in the words facklitteratur (literature pertaining to a certain profession) and fackförening (trade union, colloquially referred to as facket (= "the fack")).
Fuck can also be used in colloquial Swedish as an English loan word, with basically the same meanings as in English.[43]
Welsh
In the Welsh language fuck has been transliterated as ffwc or ffwcio which is basically pronounced the same and has the same meaning as in English.
See also
* Censorship
* Euphemism
* FCUK
* For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge
* Four-letter word
* Fucking, Austria
* List of films that most frequently use the word "fuck"
* Madonna on Late Show with David Letterman
* Profanity
* Sexual slang
References
1. ^ a b c "Fuck." OED Online. Draft Revision, June 2008. Oxford University Press. Accessed 26 Aug 2008 [1].
2. ^ Here, replacing each letter by the next letter in alphabetical order, as the English alphabet was then.
3. ^ American Heritage Dictionary definition of fuck
4. ^ A detailed discussion can be found in A.W. Read's "Milestones in The History of English" [may be ISBN 0-8223-6526-X], PADS 86..
5. ^ "Anglo-Saxons.net : S 108". Retrieved on 2008-08-16.
6. ^ "Charters of Christ Church, Canterbury". Retrieved on 2008-08-16.
7. ^ Liddell, Henry George, & Scott, Robert. Greek-English Lexikon; 3rd ed. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1857; p. 1638a, b.
8. ^ "Expletive Deleted - A good look at bad language" by Ruth Wajnryb, Copyright 2005, published by FREE PRESS
9. ^ ALA 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990-2000
10. ^ "Retroland". Retrieved on 2008-08-16.
11. ^ "Saturday Night Live Curse?: A Who2 Loop". Retrieved on 2008-08-16.
12. ^ Patrick O'Brian, The Fortune of War (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), 293.
13. ^ Kaiser, Charles. 1968 in America, p241. Grove Press, 1997. ISBN 0802135307
14. ^ Taylor, Elizabeth. American Pharaoh: Richard J Daley: His Battle for Chicago and the Nation, p478. Back Bay, 2000. ISBN 0316834890.
15. ^ Montcombreaux, Charles. "Flip the Bird: How Fuck and "The Finger" Came to Be" [2]. The Manitoban, November 17, 2004. Vol 92, Issue 13.
16. ^ Cursing Kerry Unleashes Foulmouthed Attack On Bush, New York Post On-line Edition (Waybacked).
17. ^ Dewar, Helen & Dana Milbank. "Cheney Dismisses Critic With Obscenity", Washington Post, 25 June 2004
18. ^ AAP. "Anger good, swearing bad: Iemma", The Age, 11 February 2006
19. ^ Dicker, Fredric. Full Steam Ahead for Spunky Spitz, New York Post, February 1, 2007. Retrieved on July 28, 2007.
20. ^ Audrey Young (5 April 2007). "A couple of quick words from the Minister ... whoops", New Zealand Herald. Retrieved on 19 October 2007.
21. ^ "Time called on FCUK posters", BBC News, 4 April 2001
22. ^ David Bowman, "Citizen Flynt", Salon.com, 2004 July 8.
23. ^ Mark Lawson (2004-02-05). "Has swearing lost its power to shock?". Feature. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2008-05-24.
24. ^ How the F-word lost its teeth UK news | The Guardian
25. ^ "Compliance Manual". Channel 4 108.
26. ^ Sutherland, Sam (2007). ""What the Fuck? Curse Word Band Names Challenge The Music Industry "". Exclaim! Magazine. Retrieved on 2007-10-30.
27. ^ Ayto, J.; Simpson, J. (1992). The Oxford Dictionary of Modern Slang. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0198610521.
28. ^ Gallop, J. (1980). "Impertinent Questions: Irigaray, Sade, Lacan". SubStance 9 (1): 57–67. doi:10.2307/3683929.
29. ^ Rice, C.. "Becoming the fat girl". Women, Health, AND Education: CASWE 6 THBi-Annual International Institute Proceedings: 249, http://www.med.mun.ca/comhealth/CASWE/pdf_docs/Proceedings_july22-06_diana.pdf#page=241. Retrieved on 21 February 2008. "Sharon: I didn’t feel like a girl. Do girl things. I was not a girl, not a boy, just someone existing. Then compound that with being a black female. It's even worse ‘cause you feel, Jesus, I’m nowhere. ‘Cause it's bad enough being a white little girl and you’re fat. But when you’re fat and you’re black, it's like holy fuck. That's like the lowest. The worst thing you could ever be.".
30. ^ Crobsie, L. (1997). Paul's Case: The Kingston Letters. Insomniac Press. ISBN 189583709X.
31. ^ Goodell, J. (2002). Our Story: 77 Hours That Tested Our Friendship And Our Faith. Hyperion. ISBN 1401300553. ""... holyfuck, what is it? I yelled at Harpo, "Get the fuck out o here now! ...""
32. ^ Steffensmeier, D.J. (1986). The Fence: In the Shadow of Two Worlds. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 60.
33. ^ Kay, K.; Nagle, J.; Gould, B. (2000). Male Lust: Pleasure, Power, and Transformation. Haworth Press, 103. ISBN 1560239824.
34. ^ "Holy fuck". Sex Lexis. Retrieved on 2008-02-21.
35. ^ Kuzminchuk, Galina. Conversational Gambits In Discourse, PreCarpathian University (Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine).
36. ^ "Language Log: The Etiology and Elaboration of a Flagrant Mistranslation" (December 09, 2007). Retrieved on 2008-08-16.
37. ^ *2002, David D. Huff Jr., Re: Mandrake 8.2 Musings, alt.os.linux.mandrake, [3] "At some point in your Linux career you should ask yourself: 'If there are 3.4 million successful, happy Mandrake users...what the fsck is wrong with me?'"
38. ^ Talbott, Chris (2008-10-20). "What the `frak'? Faux curse seeping into language", Associated Press.
39. ^ "Optimot - fotre". www.gencat.cat. Retrieved on 2008-06-08.
40. ^ Matumura, Akira (2006). Daijirin (in Japanese). Tōkyō: Sanseidō. ISBN 4-385-13905-9.
41. ^ Søk i elektroniske ordbøker
42. ^ fanden = devil
43. ^ Vid vitlöken vad vi kan svära!
Further references
* Hargrave, Andrea Millwood (2000). Delete Expletives? London: Advertising Standards Authority, British Broadcasting Corporation, Broadcasting Standards Commission, Independent Television Commission.
* Jesse Sheidlower, The F Word (1999) ISBN 0375706348. Presents hundreds of uses of fuck and related words.
* Michael Swan, Practical English Usage, OUP, 1995, ISBN 0194311988.
* Phillip J. Cunningham, Zakennayo!: The Real Japanese You Were Never Taught in School, Plume (1995) ISBN
* Wayland Young, Eros Denied: Sex in Western Society. Grove Press/Zebra Books, New York 1964.
External links
Listen to this article (info/dl)
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* Re: the Cheney-Leahy incident, slate.com discusses how American newspapers decide whether or not to print fuck.
* "Online Etymology Dictionary." Some etymological research on the word fuck.
* Usage of the Word Fuck (sound file), a famous (though factually incorrect) piece of Internet humor, variously and incorrectly attributed to Monty Python and George Carlin. Recorded anonymously with a Vivaldi soundtrack, it is believed to be the voice of Jack Wagner.
* Flash animation of the above sound file.
* YouTube version of the above sound file.
* Fuck, academic paper exploring the legal implications of the word, by Christopher M. Fairman, Ohio State University - Michael E. Moritz College of Law March 2006. Ohio State Public Law Working Paper No. 59.
* On Youtube, a funny explanation about the word fuck.
* Four Letter Film - "A challenging and provocative documentary takes a look on all sides of the infamous F-word."
2009.08.13 | stryjko_bojko
Fucking, Austria
ABBYY lingvo x3
The frequently stolen traffic sign,[1] at the entrance to the village of Fucking.
Fucking, Austria
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Fucking
— Village —
The frequently stolen traffic sign,[1] at the entrance to the village of Fucking.
Fucking is located in Austria
Fucking
Located in Austria 2.5 miles from the German border.
Coordinates: 48°04′02″N 12°51′49″E / 48.06722°N 12.86361°E / 48.06722; 12.86361Coordinates: 48°04′02″N 12°51′49″E / 48.06722°N 12.86361°E / 48.06722; 12.86361
Country Austria
State Upper Austria
Region Innviertel
Municipality Tarsdorf
Established since at least 1070
Named for 6th century man called Focko
Population
- Total 104
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
- Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code 5121
Area code(s) 06278
Licence plate BR
Fucking (German pronunciation: [ˈfʊkɪŋ]) is an Austrian village[2] in the municipality of Tarsdorf,[3] in the Innviertel region of western Upper Austria.
The village is located 33 kilometres (21 mi) north of Salzburg, four kilometres (2.5 mi) east of the German border.
[edit] History
The settlement of Fucking has existed since at least 1070 and is named after a man from the 6th century called Focko. "-ing" is an old Germanic suffix indicating the people of the root word to which it is attached; thus Fucking means "(place of) Focko’s people."[4] The village has a population of 107.
Fucking's most famous feature is a traffic sign with its name on it, beside which tourists often stop to have their photograph taken. It is a commonly stolen street sign.[5] Significant public funds have been spent on replacing the stolen signs.[6]
In 2004, mainly due to the stolen signs, a vote was held on changing the village's name, but the residents voted against doing so.[4] According to the town mayor, Siegfried Hauppl:
“ We had a vote last year on whether to rename the town, but decided to keep it as it is. After all, Fucking has existed for 800 years, probably when a Mr Fuck or the Fuck family moved into the area. The 'ing' was added as a word for settlement.[4] ”
In August 2005, the road signs were replaced with theft-resistant signs welded to steel and secured in concrete to prevent further chances of the sign being stolen.[6]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fucking,_Austria
2009.06.20 | stryjko_bojko
Delphi (язык программирования)
Delphi (язык программирования)Материал из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии
http://ozhs.org.ua/index.php/2009-05-21-16-58-40?task=viewtopic&pid=25&Itemid=57#p25
Delphi (Де́льфи, произносится /ˈdɛlˌfi/ — язык программирования, который используется в одноимённой среде разработки. Название используется начиная с 7 версии среды разработки, ранее это был Object Pascal, разработанный фирмой Borland и изначально реализованный в её пакете Borland Delphi, от которого и получил в 2003 году своё нынешнее название. Object Pascal по сути является наследником языка Pascal с объектно-ориентированными расширениями.
По поводу «правильного» произношения названия языка было сломано немало копий не только в России. Интересно, что нет единства даже среди англоязычных стран. В частности, согласно данному источнику, в Великобритании доминирует произношение «дел-фи́», а в США — «де́л-фай»
“There are two infinite things in the Universe: Cosmos and Human Stupidity. And to the first I'm not sure!”
---------
А сайти з назвою DELFI що означають?
Наприклад:
2009.06.20 | Пан Коцький
Re: Delphi (язык программирования)
stryjko_bojko пише:> Delphi (язык программирования)
> [...]
> По поводу «правильного» произношения названия языка было сломано немало копий не только в России. Интересно, что нет единства даже среди англоязычных стран. В частности, согласно данному источнику, в Великобритании доминирует произношение «дел-фи́», а в США — «де́л-фай» [...]
Таких прикладів є безліч. Навіть в Америці та Канаді дехто вимовляє на початку слова either [aɪ], а дехто [iː] (у Великій Британії майже всі вимовляють [aɪ] в цьому слові).
2009.06.20 | stryjko_bojko
Re: Delphi (язык программирования)
either6 entries found.
1. 1either (adjective)
2. 2either (pronoun)
3. 3either (conjunction)
4. 4either (adverb)
5. 1either–or (noun)
6. 2either–or (adjective)
Main Entry:
Pronunciation:
\ˈē-thər also ˈī-\
--------------------------
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/either%20)
2009.06.21 | Георгій
Re: Delphi (язык программирования)
"You say potato, I say potUHto..."http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-BDXyseKcc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=54AXk3HIA0o&feature=related
Пан Коцький пише:
> Таких прикладів є безліч. Навіть в Америці та Канаді дехто вимовляє на початку слова either [aɪ], а дехто [iː] (у Великій Британії майже всі вимовляють [aɪ] в цьому слові).
2009.09.29 | stryjko_bojko
Cкiльки відсотків English words читаються не стандартно
наприклад:enough
2009.09.29 | zаброда
не стандартно!?!? WTF d'ya mean?
2009.10.03 | Георгій
Re: Cкыльки відсотків English words читаються не стандартно
Щоби відповісти на цe питання, трeба спочатку визначити стандарт, стандартність. А цe щодо англійської мови зробити дужe важко. "Steak" читається "стeйк," "tear" (рвати, ламати) - "тeр," алe "steam" - цe "стім," а "beam" - цe "бім." Вітeр пишeться "wind" і читається "винд,", тоді як дієслово "згортати" тeж пишeться "wind," а читaється "вайнд." І так воно скрізь.Думаю, відсотків так 200-300 англійських слів читаються нeстандартно.
2009.10.03 | zаброда
Про кылькысть выдсоткыв і не тылькы
Що саме мав на увазі вельмишановний добродій stryjko_bojko, насправді втямити просто: певне, йому йшлося про випадок з bind, hind, find, rescind "ю нейм іт" проти wind [wınd], тобто про винятки з загального правила. А що правил тих таки до біса, то допитливі очі инколи розбігаються. Дослідники, либонь, не спали, і хтось, просіявши весь корпус, отримав відповідь на сакраментальне "скыількіи %?" (чи який %2009.10.03 | stryjko_bojko
For in the abundance of wisdom is abundance of knowledge
2009.10.11 | stryjko_bojko
Black English
American Niggers English.английский американских негров, Сделанный Легкий Для Кавказцев Без Flava
http://www.stindey.ru/stat.php?action=3387
Когда Вы видите Ищейку Dogg в том недавнем Крайслере, коммерческом вперед с Lee Iacocca, и Вы слышите, что он говорит кое-что как,
Fo shizzle ikeizlle!
.... у Вас есть какая-нибудь идея, о чем он говорит?
Возможности, Ваша реакция - то же самое как месторождение: "Эй, этот парень довольно хорошо при том, чтобы придумывать бессмысленные импровизированные рифмы. "
Но это только показывает мое невежество где парень как Ищейка Dogg прибывает из. Оказывается, что эти рифмы не только ерунда, но фактически часть намного более широко используемого диалекта говоривший миллионами Афро-американцев - особенно подростки в "капоте".
Давайте стоять перед этим, люди как я и Lee только не получают это. Если Вы попросите, чтобы я перевел даже простое предложение на это отчасти уличный разговор, я понятия не имею.
В популярных СМИ использование диалекта миллионами африканца Американцы известны как "английский американских негров" - от (черного) "черного дерева" и "акустика" (звук). Серьезное исследование английского американских негров было вокруг больше 30 лет. В 1970-ых лингвисты показали как больше всего из этих диалектов разделяют многие из тех же самых грамматических особенностей как другие языки. Оригинальные Афро-американские диалекты появились когда hodge толстяк западноафриканских языков объединялся вместе с английским языком, чтобы сформировать язык пленные Африканцы могли использовать общаться друг с другом. Оказывается что многие из грамматические особенности английского американских негров, которого мы обычно отклоняем как только у простых плохих англичан фактически есть корни на западноафриканских языках. - http://www.stanford.edu / ~ rickford/ebonics/EbonicsExamples.html
Популярность рэпа и модной музыки перелета дала им уникальный способы говорить огромное подвергание, и rejuventated идея тот английский американских негров - серьезное исследование реального и важного диалекта. Фактически в 1996 английский американских негров был фактически признан Оклендом Школьное Правление как родной язык более чем 50 миллионов африканцев Американцы. И в 2005 это было также добавлено к учебному плану Правление Школы Сан-Бернардино.
Now Bling Bling Inc начала Ebonic Persuit, уникальное новое игра в карты, которая может преподавать всем базовую лексику и синтаксис английского американских негров. Нет больше оправданий. В словах Джека Hoffer его изобретатель, "Ebonic Persuit является способом соединить очень ощутимое промежуток коммуникации" для таковых из нас, кто понятия не имеет что все те рэперы и комики говорят о. Согласно Hoffer, "Клиенты сказали мне, что они наняли игру у дорожных поездок по пересеченной местности и был взрыв с этим. И колледж дети сказали мне, что Ebonic Persuit имеет шумный успех в сторонах... "
Hoffer называет это "ghettofabulous игрой в карты, которая имеет, как Rools Игры объявляют, никакие правила вообще. "Тест карт знание игроков с вопросами с несколькими вариантами ответов в шесть различные категории - Homeslices, Препарат и Leizur, Пол и Natur, Ghettography, Flava и Литература, и Модные Пустяки Перелета. Это - сатира английского американских негров, который преуспевает будучи eductional и развлечение в любом случае, не будучи непочтительным.
Походит на прекрасный способ встать, чтобы ускориться на английском американских негров
2009.10.11 | stryjko_bojko
Особенности негритянского английского
Особенности негритянского английского.http://www.homeenglish.ru/Lessonsblack.htm
Откуда взялся негритянский английский, лингвисты до сих пор толком не знают. Не могут даже прийти к согласию, как этот феномен относится к литературному английскому. Одни, самые экстремисты, считают, что это отдельный язык. Другие называют его диалектом – но диалект понятие областное, а не национальное, да еще несет в себе неполиткорректное значение неправильности, отклонения от нормы. К тому же в Нью-Йорке, Техасе, Алабаме есть свои местные, скажем так, вариации. Сленгом «черный английский» тоже не назовешь, тем более, что и собственный сленг в его системе тоже имеется и называется jive – а есть и стандартная форма языка, так говорят в черной, негритянской церкви. Словом, ученые осторожно называют Black English афро-американским вариантом английского языка, по-английски variety – слово подходящее, поскольку политкорректное: пусть расцветают сто цветов. А само явление гораздо глубже, чем чисто языковая загадка, потому что в нем намешано множество социальных, этнических, культурных, политических веяний и проблем; добавить извечный вопрос расовых отношений – получается гремучая смесь.
АМИНЬ?
Есть несколько теорий происхождения негритянского английского.
Первая теория – креольская. Рабы, привезенные в Северо-Американские штаты, привезли с собой западно-африканские языки, в контакте с белыми хозяевами развили примитивный способ общения с использованием английской лексики, а звуковой строй языка представляет собой нечто среднее между его английским и африканским источниками. Вторую теорию разрабатывают американские диалектологи. Они считают, что язык появился на основе специфических диалектов юга США, на которые особенно повлияли восточно-английские диалекты. Третья, самая актуальная, – теория социолингвистическая. Она говорит, что своей непохожестью, другим словарным составом язык обязан тому неприятному факту, что его носители в течение веков были загнаны в черные гетто больших городов (так называемые «внутренние города», inner cities) – и в замкнутых, вытесненных в нижний класс сообществах, в ограниченном пространстве и появилось это своеобразное явление. За каждой теорией – своя правда, так что лучше учитывать все три.
Но если южный носовой призвук и социально окрашенная лексика в языке очевидны, то западно-африканские корни заметны не так хорошо. Самое хорошо сохранившееся – манера жестикулировать. Система call – response, то есть способ аудитории реагировать на оратора: например, в афро-американской церкви паства дружно отвечает проповеднику на его обращения, через слово звучит «Аминь!» как отзыв на пароль.
ПРОСТАЯ СИСТЕМА
Звучит афро-американский английский иначе, чем просто американский английский. В нем, например, как в британском, отсутствует густое американское R после гласных: car, summertime даже на письме иной раз обозначаются как cah, summahtime. Хотя собственного стабильного правописания у Black English нет. Другие любопытные приметы произношения роднят афроамериканцев с нерадивыми русскими школьниками. И те, и другие игнорируют ненавистные межзубные звуки th – правда, наши заменяют их на «с» и «з», а ненаши - на «т», «д», «ф» и «в»: скажем, загадочный «бавва», buvvuh, – это brother; def – это death. Инговые окончания с носовым звуком на конце упрощают до in“. С ударением обращаются вольно: police, например, ударяют на первом слоге. Российские школьники тоже так делают сплошь и рядом. Правда, двоечники могут не радоваться: в негритянском английском эти особенности – не искажение нормы, а собственная норма, своя система, только другая.
ВРЕМЕНИ НЕТ
И грамматика «черного английского» – мечта нашего школяра, измордованного системой из двенадцати времен с громоздким future-in-the-past впридачу. В афро-американском варианте вместо всех этих хитростей берется простая и приятная, как доллар, форма be. Или вообще ничего не берется. Отрицание во всех временах, лицах и числах может выражаться словом ain’t. Часто о времени вообще можно догадаться только по контексту. Правда, западные ученые выделяют в Black English систему из пяти настоящих времен.
Со временем у афроамериканцев особые отношения. Говорят даже об особом CPT, colored people’s time. Афроамериканцам не важно приходить по расписанию, be on time, вовремя – им важно пребывать в гармонии со своими чувствами, с природой – be in time, во времени. А еще у них, как и у нас, есть двойное и тройное отрицание.
ИСТОЧНИКИ И СОСТАВНЫЕ ЧАСТИ
Словарь афро-американского английского сложился из многих источников. Первый – фольклор, пословицы, поговорки. Из фольклора берут начало вербальные игры. Скажем, the dozen, дюжина – смысл ее в том, чтобы словесно унизить мать своего оппонента, наговорить кучу изобретательных гадостей. Оппонент, не копаясь в кармане в поисках слова, должен немедленно ответить, отбрехаться (кстати, подобная культура перебранки существует отчасти в российских деревнях, отчасти в детсадах) – так они показывают друг другу, что владеют ситуацией. В этих упражнениях оттачивается речитатив, который так знаком нам по рэпу или хип-хопу, отсюда берет начало умение быть ди-джеем, накладывать мелодии, создавать композиции... Впрочем, все это давно уже часть всемирной коммерческой культуры.
Один из огромных пластов лексики языку дала церковь, первый общественный институт, объединивший черных рабов. Там они могли общаться, оттуда берут начало многие слова и выражения. Некоторые из них – больше чем слова. Brother, sister, soul – важнейшие понятия в афро-американской культуре. Брат – это всякий афроамериканец.
Другой источник – музыка. Американские негры обогатили мировую культуру таким количеством музыкальных стилей и направлений, что в этом с ними мало кто может сравниться. И здесь уже не Black English что—то заимствовал из окружающего мира, а весь мир ввел в свои языки слова, взятые у него: соул, ритм-энд-блюз... все, что обозначает стили, разновидности джаза, музыкальные инструменты. Теперь ту же роль выполняют рэп и хип—хоп-культура, обогащающие в том числе и российских тинейджеров познаниями в области «черного английского».
Самый неформальный, ненормативный словарный слой дал негритянскому английскому преступный мир. Именно из криминального мира гетто тянутся, например, длиннейшие синонимические ряды для обозначения каждого из наркотиков – большинство из этих слов, кстати, всосалось в общий американский сленг. В гетто специально работали над языком, чтобы он был никому не понятен.
Секретничать чернокожие обитатели Америки начали еще тогда, когда появились на континенте: рабам надо было держать кое—что в секрете от хозяев – даже тогда, когда они говорят на одном языке. Сказать так, чтобы понял только тот, кому надо. Типичный способ – взять слово и употребить его в противоположном значении: stupid (тупой) – «хороший», оскорбительное nigga («ниггер») в общении между своими принимает значение «товарищ, брат, свой». Fat (жирный) – правда, его даже пишут как phat – крутой. You be phat! – Ты крутой! Dope (наркотик) тоже приобретает значение «отличный», а death (смерть) в написании и произношении def означает то же самое, что и cool. А уж что значит это слово, знает каждый российский первоклассник. Всеми этими находками широко пользуется реклама.
Еще Black English пополняется за счет спорта – в первую очередь баскетбола. НБА в огромных количествах производит специфический жаргон, который с восторгом подхватывает молодое поколение уличных баскетболистов.
ВСЕ НАОБОРОТ, ИЛИ МЕЖКУЛЬТУРНАЯ КОММУНИКАЦИЯ
Межкультурная коммуникация, общение представителей разных культур – вопрос безопасности. И межнациональной, и международной. От непонимания произошло немало громких и тихих конфликтов – и межличностных, и международных, и от непонимания негритянского английского – в том числе.
Вот, например, слово bad (плохой) афроамериканцы переосмыслили в своем духе: у них это положительное определение, оно означает гордость, непокорность, достоинство. Однажды во время холодной войны Мухаммед Али сказал, обращаясь к народу Танзании: There are two bad white men in the history of the world, the Russian white man and the American white man.They are the two baddest men in the history of the world. То есть два самых плохих белых человека в мире – это русский и американец. Естественно, Али имел в виду «самых великих, могущественных, бесстрашных», но его не поняли, и едва не разгорелся крупный международный дипломатический скандал.
Другой скандал, не столь давний, возник из—за разных значений слова bitch («сука») – афроамериканцы, легко понять, вкладывают в это слово положительное значение. Если одна черная женщина называет так другую черную женщину, она имеет в виду, что это ее лучшая подруга. В октябре 2000 года ведущий сатирической программы Have I Got News For You на BBC Ричард Блэквуд назвал этим самым словом королеву. Представители ВВС оправдывались: мол, Блэквуд использовал слово не в оскорбительном смысле, а так, как оно используется в хип-хопе и рэпе. Дело вынесли на рассмотрение комиссии по выработке и соблюдению норм на британском телевидении, которая в марте 2001 года вынесла решение: так можно называть даже королеву. Впервые было официально признано, что в Black English это слово по отношению к женщине не только допустимо, но даже имеет одобрительный оттенок.
Вопрос межкультурной коммуникации может быть вопросом жизни и смерти. В 1992 году черный рэппер Ice T потряс всю Америку своей песней Cop Killer, которая стала его ответом на гибель молодого афроамериканца Р. Кинга, забитого насмерть группой полицейских. В песне было множество слов и выражений, непонятных для непосвященных, специфичных для Black English, и никто из белых американцев не понял настоящего смысла песни, в которой в основном поднимались социально-политические вопросы. Общественность восприняла ее как призыв к убийствам стражей порядка. Полиция организовала демонстрацию протеста перед зданием компании, выпустившей диск. Столкновение демонстрантов и афроамериканцев вылилось в кровавые волнения, захлестнувшие Лос-Анджелес. В результате песней заинтересовалось ФБР, правительство США публично предало Ice T анафеме, свое неуважение к хип-хопу выразили знаменитые американские киноактеры.
КОД
Цифры у афроамериканцев – не просто цифры. Это своеобразный код, который понятен только посвященным. Например, в штате Калифорния уголовная статья за убийство – 187-я. Чернокожее население штата Калифорния вместо слова «убийство» говорит «187», синонимом слова «выпивка» может служить номер статьи за распитие спиртных напитков. 411 – номер справочной службы, так что Give me 411 означает «дайте мне информацию». Общеизвестное 911, «телефон спасения», означает «ЧП». Что—то из этих изобретений уже вошло в национальную культуру – к примеру, американцы даже свою национальную трагедию обозначили как «День 911» (9 – сентябрь, 11 – число, общее значение – чрезвычайная ситуация).
Очень распространенное явление в «черном английском» – использование неформального названия города. Нью-Йорк, например, еще с начала ХХ века именуется Большим Яблоком, Big Apple. Новая мода – вместо имени города называть номер его кода: город 212, например. Уже есть и духи такие, «212». Кстати, Москву уже тоже иногда именуют «городом 095».
ЭБОНИКС
Неологизмом Ebonics назвал в 1973 году язык афроамериканцев Р. Л. Уильямс, доктор психологии, профессор Вашингтонского университета в городе Сент-Луис (Миссури). Слово означает буквально «черная фонетика» (от ebony – черный и phonetics – фонетика). В 1997 году Уильямс выступал на слушаниях в Сенате, где требовал для Ebonics лингвистического статуса полноправного языка. У Ebonics, утверждал он, есть собственная словарная система, есть особая грамматическая структура и морфология. Многие языковые и неязыковые признаки (жестикуляция, мимика, заполнители паузы) роднят его с языками и диалектами, на которых общаются в Западной Африке и Карибском регионе. В Ebonics, доказывал он, есть и местные наречия, и жаргоны, и социальные диалекты – все, что присуще настоящему языку.
18 декабря 1996 года школьный совет города Окленда в штате Калифорния (этот город особенно славится своей культурной терпимостью) опубликовал «Оклендскую резолюцию» с предложением узаконить преподавание на Ebonics, родном языке негритянских детей: на стандартном английском им тяжелее учиться. Резолюция сработала как детонатор: разразилась буря политических дебатов, «культурных войн», начались слушания в Сенате и многочисленные конференции лингвистов и культурологов. Главное возражение против предоставления Ebonics особого школьного статуса – очень простое: дети, обучаемые на нем, так и не освоят стандартного английского, не смогут справляться с тестами, не впишутся в общество, говорящее стандартно, останутся социальными маргиналами, не преуспеют в жизни.
На тему Ebonics стали гадко пошучивать, изображая чернокожих американцев преступниками, наркоторговцами, тупыми, ленивыми, неамбициозными. Сексуально озабоченными, озлобленными, живущими только инстинктами. Безработными и сидящими на социальных пособиях. А попытки узаконить Ebonics в качестве языка обучения стали называть официальным признанием интеллектуальной недоразвитости его носителей. Так термин, который изначально был призван сплотить черных американцев, превратился в символ социальной и культурной деградации. Никакого особого статуса в школе Black English сейчас не имеет. К лучшему это или к худшему – спорят до сих пор.
МУЗЫКА ЕСТЬ, НО НЕ БЛАТНАЯ
Иностранцу понять афроамериканца может быть довольно трудно, особенно если этот последний не дает себе труда быть понятным. Понимает ли Black English рядовой американец? Настолько, насколько элементы «черного английского» проникают в общую речь через массовую культуру, брейк, хип—хоп и рэп. Настолько, насколько их доносит интернет, газеты и телевидение. Если белая культура переняла какое-то слово и сделала его своим – оно уже теряет смысл, не воспринимается как нечто таинственное. Значит, надо создавать новое. И оно создается, баланс поддерживается.
Таинственность речи, закрытость для непосвященных отнюдь не ставит Black English на одну доску с блатной феней. Хотя офеньский жаргон, в какой-то степени породивший ее, тоже основывался на принципе «чтобы всем остальным было непонятно». Воровской жаргон есть в любом языке, и в негритянском английском тоже. Но в большом афроамериканском английском выражает себя не маленькая преступная группа, а целая раса со своей историей, с культурным опытом, со всей своей тоской и любовью, счастьем, горем, жесткой жизненной правдой. На этом языке пишется проза и поэзия, среди которой встречаются замечательные книги. Например, написанная в 1982 году книга Элис Уокер (Alice Walker) The Сolor Purple получила Пулитцеровскую премию. Переводить Black English на стандартный английский – все равно что пересказывать стандартным литературным языком Бажова, Лескова, Шергина.
Владимир Жапов, журнал Иностранец
2009.10.11 | zаброда
WTF is yer Black English
Який сенс копіпейстити напівсирий ґуґльопереклад, самому його, мабуть, не читаючи у гілку? За це якісь премії дають, units абощо? Моє діло свиняче, проте маю право висловити подив, нє?2009.10.11 | Skapirus
Я думаю, що він заробляє на 4 тижні бану (л)
http://www2.maidanua.org/n/osvita/1254048813Якраз сьогодні попередні 2 тижні минули.
2009.10.11 | Адвокат ...
Як на мене,-- вже заробив. Баньте го, кулєґо!
А нє,-- то я теє зроблю.2009.10.13 | stryjko_bojko
Невже тема "Black English" не є цікава?
Щоб її банити.2009.10.13 | zаброда
Не туди чіпляєте
Я Вас банити не можу, хоч і баную, що ніХочете знати моєї думки? Black English - "тєма важная і актуальная", та не настільки, щоб тулити в гілку цілі сторінки з Вікі або ще звідкись, натомість дати лінки, а вже як тулити, то принаймні те, що можна читати, а не скалічений ґуґлєйшн із джерела ґатунку "рєхвєрати.ру". Нє, канєшно, бува, навєрно, обсесивно-компульсивний розлад у формі копіпейстинґу, але, він, як свідчить практика, таки банами лікується.
Утім, щодо бану - vide supra ^-^
2009.10.13 | stryjko_bojko
А хто Ви, взагалі, такий, Пане zаброда?
щоб так "авторитетно" мене вчити.============
Адвокат ... має мінімум 1+, бо є одним з основоположників Майдану.
Йому я і прощаю деякі вольності, як "легіонеру".
А Вам?
Вибачте...
2009.10.13 | Адвокат ...
На вивчення та за своєння питання "хто ти такой"
даю Вам 14-ть діб. "Патом даложитє!".2010.06.06 | stryjko_bojko
Women looking to get laid near Odessa
як правмльно перекласти?варіант:
Жінки хочуть "кинути ікру" біля Одеси.
2010.06.06 | Георгій
Re: Women looking to get laid near Odessa
stryjko_bojko пише:> як правмльно перекласти?
(ГП) Цe такий досить вульгарний слeнг, означає просто "мати сeкс." Можна пeрeкласти чимось типу "жіночки хочуть у люлю."